chapter 2.1-2.3 vocab

soverignty

the holy Roman empire

golden bull

hapsburg

electors

anti-clericism

opposition of the clergy for its influence in political and social affairs, doctrinairism, property, privileges, or other reasons

martin luther

deeply religious. believed that salvation and justification come through faith. God’s word is revealed only in the scriptures, not in the traditions of the church. posted the 95 these on the church walls. father of calvinism

johann Tetzel

a German Dominican friar whose preaching on indulgences, considered by many of his contemporaries to be an abuse of the sacrament of penance, sparked Martin Luther's reaction

indulgence

a document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins

simony

the buying or selling of indulgences, pardons, or benefices

pluralism

when church officials held multiple offices at the same time. when they owned multiple offices at the same time. Led to negligence at multiple churches

absenteeism

bishops and high ranking members of the clergy often held several different offices and were often never in their own churches. they sometimes even paid priests small percent of their salary to preach in their place.

ninety-five theses

written by Martin Luther that talked about his displeasures with church clergy abuses and indulgences. started protestantism

charles v

ruler of the Spanish empire. Very Christian. Wanted to see England return to catholicism.

diet of worms

a meeting in which Charles v called Martin Luther to appear. wanted Luther to appeal his faith and return to catholicism. Luther would not and and his work was banned and burned

schmalkaldic league

a defensive alliance formed by Protestant territories of the Holy Roman Empire to defend themselves collectively against any attempt to enforce the recess of the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, Wanted to stay protestant

priesthood of believers

a theological concept introduced by Martin Luther, asserting that every Christian has direct access to God and does not require mediation by a priest.

primacy of scripture

luther’s idea that the bible is the source of authority rather than the pope

predestination

the teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works

salvation by faith alone

the belief that salvation is a gift from god given to all who posses true faith

calvinists

the theological system of Calvin and his followers marked by strong emphasis on the sovereignty of God, the depravity of humankind, and the doctrine of predestination.

john knox/ presbyterian

a religious follower of Calvin who was in Scotland. The religious following of Calvinism in Scotland

john calvin

French theologian. lead the French protestant reformer. developed the christian theology known as Calvinism.

genevan consistory

Consisted of 12 laymen and the Company of Pastors. This was the purpose of watching over every man's life and to admonish amiably those whom they see leading a disorderly life.

anabaptists

a radical protestant sect that advocated for adult baptism and a separation from state influence in religious matters

ulrich Zwingli

Swiss humanist and pastor. was very close with Luther, worked together, but split because of disagreements on eucharist

transubstatiation

the Catholic dogma regarding the Eucharist. the belief that during mass, bread and wine turned into the body and blood of Jesus Christ

consubstantation

the Lutheran belief on Eucharist. the bread and wine performed a spiritual change, but is not the body and blood

canton

german peasants war

due to crop failure, thousands of peasants rose up against their land owners for to fight for social equity and religious freedom. Luther didn’t condone them and the were unsuccessful. Thousands died.

augsburg confession

the main list of beliefs of the followers of Luther. presented to Charles V

peace of augsburg

a treaty that brought and end to religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire

henry viii

King of England. brought the Church of England away from Catholicism because he wanted a divorce from his wife. Became the head of the Church of England. Got married six times trying to get a male heir

catharine of aragon

the first wife of Henry VII. was originally married to his brother. Very Catholic. Was the niece of Charles V. Gave Henry a daughter, and because he didn’t get a son, Henry thought that it was a sign from god that they needed a divorce.

anne boleyn

The second wife of Henry VIII. Was a lady in waiting until Henry picked her. Gave him a daughter, and no son. Henry accused her of infidelity so he wouldn’t have to go through another divorce. She was beheaded, but her daughter Elizabeth was a great leader

supremacy act

declared King Henry VIII as the supreme head of the Church of England. this broke England away from the Pope authority and the Roman Catholic Church

thomas cromwell

advisor of Henry VIII who was responsible for acquisition of land and financial overseer

mary tudor

daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon. Bloody Mary. reintroduced England to catholicism. put a kill order on protestants.

elizabeth

daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn. made people go to church ceremonies and listen to protestant sermons, but didn’t care what religion you practiced alone. One of the best English rulers

elizabeth settlement

attempted to settle the long-running dispute between Catholics and Protestants, which Parliament promulgated during Elizabeth I's reign.

puritans

members of a group of English Protestants in the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete; sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship. believed in strict religious discipline and moral living

mary queen of the scotts

elizabeth’s cousin. married Charles V because she was next in line for the throne. was imprisoned by Elizabeth because her followers wanted to stage a coup. She was later executed because of this.

spanish armadana

the fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated it.

wars of religion

a series of conflicts in France between Catholics and Huguenots during the late 16th century.

defense of the seven sacraments

written by Charles VIII that defended the Catholic faith and their sacraments.

defender of the faith

a title given to King Henry VIII because of his defending of the Catholic faith

six articles

the statements of doctrine that Henry VIII issues in 1539. They are a re-affirmation of basic Catholic Doctrines and are issued by Henry to make it very clear that he is not aligning with Protestants. The only thing changing is that the King of England is the head of the Church inside England. Henry will consider himself Catholic until the day he dies. The Pope will disagree with this

act of supremacy of 1559

made people swear that they would accept Elizabeth as Supreme Governor of the Church

act of uniformity of 1559

an act by elizabeth that required all persons to attend worship on Sunday

politique

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse