A&P Unit 1 - homeostasis, lipids, proteins

Anatomy

the study of form and structure of the body

\-WHAT is body part

Physiology

the study of how organism functions

\-HOW and WHY it works

Microscopic anatomy (2 subtypes)

can’t see with naked eye

\-cytology = study of cells

\-histology = study of tissues

gross/macroscopic anatomy (5 subtypes)

can see with naked eye

\-systemic = of each body system

\-regional = focus on one area of body

\-surface = only on surfaces

\-comparative = compare across species

\-embryology = how develops from conception to birth

types of physiology (5 types)

\*\*studying how and why these systems work

\-cardiovascular

\-neurophysiology

\-respiratory

\-reproductive

\-pathophysiology (disease)

6 characteristics of living things

Organization

Metabolism

Growth

Responsiveness

Reproduction

Regulation

(OMGRRR)

\-organization

complex structure and order of organism’s parts

\-metabolism

organism uses nutrients

anabolism = build nutrients, use energy

catabolism = break nutrients, release energy

\-growth & development

organism uses materials from environment to grow

\-responsiveness

organism sense & react to environment stimuli

\-reproduction

organism make new cells for growth & repair (mitosis) OR make sex cells (meiosis)

\-regulation

organism ability to maintain homeostasis

homeostasis

maintain consistent internal environm. even with external environm. changing

interstitial fluid

fluid that fills space btwn cells

internal v external environment

internal = interstitial fluid → temp, pH, etc

external = outside env. of organism (ex. my dorm)

what are the ways of internal env. regulation?

conformity = ‘cold-blooded’ organism IE matches EXE

regulation = ‘warm-blooded’ organism maintain stable IE despite change in EXE

What factors are homeostatically regulated?

\-nutrients/blood sugar → energy

\-O2 & CO2 → need for respiration & pH

\-concentration of waste products

\-electrolyte/water balance

\-pH → enzyme function

\-temp → cell & enzyme function

\-vol & (blood) pressure → for transportation

what are the components of homeostatic systems?

1) RECEPTOR detects changes from the STIMULUS

2) CONTROL CENTER interprets & initiate change

→ nervous system = quicker response. endocrine = slower response

3) EFFECTOR is structure that brings changes

negative feedback

move __toward__ homeostasis by minimizing impact of stimulus

Ex. shivering to stay warm in winter

positive feedback

move __away from__ homeostasis by amplifying stimulus

→ until __climactic event__ occurs, then goes back to homeostasis

Ex. blood clot, childbirth, breastfeeding

Individual response

individual organism alter own physiology in response to smth

population/evolutionary response

change in gene pool over generations

what are the types of individual response?

acute = short period (min-hours) change. modify existing cells

chronic = long period (days-month) change. restructure/build new parts

acclimation

chronic response changes in __one__ way (usually in lab w/ controlled variables)

acclimatization

chronic response changed in __many__ ways (happens naturally instead of in lab)

hydrogen bond

__weak__ bond btwn H & O in water.

can form up to __4__ H bonds for 1 water molecule (2 from O and 1 each from H)

functions of water

\-body temp regulation

\-transportation

\-lubricant

\-spinal fluid

\-solvent for hydrophilic molecules

solvent vs solute

solvent = dissolving agent

solute = gets dissolved

forms solution

electrolytes

\-ionic compounds

\-completely dissolve

\-can conduct current

\-salts or acid/bases

nonelectrolytes

\-polar compounds

\-dissolve in water but remain intact

\-can’t conduct current

\-ex. glucose

water surrounds ions in a _____________

hydration shell

hydrophobic exclusion & hydrophobic interaction

when water molecules “force out” nonpolar molecules → NP molecules need a protein carrier in the body

amphipathic

partially dissolves in water. part P and part NP

ex. phospholipid

functions of lipids

\-store energy

\-cell membrane components

\-make steroids

what are the classes of lipids?

P.E.T.S.

Phospholipids

Eicosanoids

Triglycerides

Steroids

fatty acid

chain of lipid made of C and H. nonpolar

Triglyceride

\-most common lipid

\-hydrophobic, NP

\-1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid tail

\-created by joining glycerol via __lipogenesis__

unsaturated, saturated, polyunsaturated triglyceride

unsat = no double bonds. solid @ room temp

sat = 1 double bond. liquid @ RT

polyunsat = 2+ double bond

Phospholipid

\-cell membrane bilayer

\-amphipathic

\-polar phosphate group in head with 2 NP fatty acid tails

Steroid

\-nonpolar

\-4 carbon ring structure

\-side chains make them unique

\-ex. cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone, bile salts

cholesterol

\-type of steroid

\-plasma membrane flexibility

\-precursor to other steroid synthesis

Eicosanoids

\-20 carbon chain fatty acid

\-signal molecules

\-inflammatory response & nervous system communicators (think back to pain response in microbio)

classes of eicosanoids

prostaglandin

prostacyclin

thromboxane

leukotriene

a protein is _______

a __polymer__ made from __monomers__ of amino acids

amino acid overview

\-1 amine group, 1 carboxyl group, side R chains

\-__20 types__ of amino acids

\-peptide bond created by __dehydration synthesis__

lengths of peptides

oligopeptide = 3-20 AAs

polypeptide = 21-199 AAs

protein = 200+ AA’s

four types of AAs

\-nonpolar

\-polar

\-charged

\-AAs with special function

Nonpolar AAs

\-has only H-C bonds

\-group with other NP AAs → hydrophobic exclusion

polar AA’s

\-R grp has more than H-C (usually O or N)

\-interact with water and other polar AAs

charged AAs

\-R grp has +/- charge

\-forms ionic bond btwn other charged AAs

\-hydrophilic

AAs with special function

\-proline - cause bend in protein chain

\-cysteine - can form disulfide bond

\-methionine - MET. start marker, first AA during protein synthesis

1° Primary Structure

sequence of AA’s

2° Secondary Structure

H-bonds → coiling of peptide chain

\-a-helix

\-b-pleated sheet

3° Tertiary Structure

3D shape of protein as it folds→ affected by H-phobic or philic interactions of peptides

\-fibrous protein = skinnier and straighter. insoluble in water. structural support in body (ex. muscle)

\-globular protein = like a blob. soluble in water. chemical process/metabolism (ex. enzymes)

4° Quaternary Structure

more folding. only appears if protein is made of 2+ polypeptides