A&P Unit 1 - homeostasis, lipids, proteins

Anatomy

Anatomy

the study of form and structure of the body

-WHAT is body part

Physiology

the study of how organism functions

-HOW and WHY it works

Microscopic anatomy (2 subtypes)

can’t see with naked eye

-cytology = study of cells

-histology = study of tissues

gross/macroscopic anatomy (5 subtypes)

can see with naked eye

-systemic = of each body system

-regional = focus on one area of body

-surface = only on surfaces

-comparative = compare across species

-embryology = how develops from conception to birth

types of physiology (5 types)

**studying how and why these systems work

-cardiovascular

-neurophysiology

-respiratory

-reproductive

-pathophysiology (disease)

6 characteristics of living things

Organization

Metabolism

Growth

Responsiveness

Reproduction

Regulation

(OMGRRR)

-organization

complex structure and order of organism’s parts

-metabolism

organism uses nutrients

anabolism = build nutrients, use energy

catabolism = break nutrients, release energy

-growth & development

organism uses materials from environment to grow

-responsiveness

organism sense & react to environment stimuli

-reproduction

organism make new cells for growth & repair (mitosis) OR make sex cells (meiosis)

-regulation

organism ability to maintain homeostasis

homeostasis

maintain consistent internal environm. even with external environm. changing

interstitial fluid

fluid that fills space btwn cells

internal v external environment

internal = interstitial fluid → temp, pH, etc

external = outside env. of organism (ex. my dorm)

what are the ways of internal env. regulation?

conformity = ‘cold-blooded’ organism IE matches EXE

regulation = ‘warm-blooded’ organism maintain stable IE despite change in EXE

What factors are homeostatically regulated?

-nutrients/blood sugar → energy

-O2 & CO2 → need for respiration & pH

-concentration of waste products

-electrolyte/water balance

-pH → enzyme function

-temp → cell & enzyme function

-vol & (blood) pressure → for transportation

what are the components of homeostatic systems?

1. RECEPTOR detects changes from the STIMULUS

2. CONTROL CENTER interprets & initiate change

→ nervous system = quicker response. endocrine = slower response

3. EFFECTOR is structure that brings changes

negative feedback

move toward homeostasis by minimizing impact of stimulus

Ex. shivering to stay warm in winter

positive feedback

move away from homeostasis by amplifying stimulus

→ until climactic event occurs, then goes back to homeostasis

Ex. blood clot, childbirth, breastfeeding

Individual response

individual organism alter own physiology in response to smth

population/evolutionary response

change in gene pool over generations

what are the types of individual response?

acute = short period (min-hours) change. modify existing cells

chronic = long period (days-month) change. restructure/build new parts

acclimation

chronic response changes in one way (usually in lab w/ controlled variables)

acclimatization

chronic response changed in many ways (happens naturally instead of in lab)

hydrogen bond

weak bond btwn H & O in water.

can form up to 4 H bonds for 1 water molecule (2 from O and 1 each from H)

functions of water

-body temp regulation

-transportation

-lubricant

-spinal fluid

-solvent for hydrophilic molecules

solvent vs solute

solvent = dissolving agent

solute = gets dissolved

forms solution

electrolytes

-ionic compounds

-completely dissolve

-can conduct current

-salts or acid/bases

nonelectrolytes

-polar compounds

-dissolve in water but remain intact

-can’t conduct current

-ex. glucose

water surrounds ions in a _____________

hydration shell

hydrophobic exclusion & hydrophobic interaction

when water molecules “force out” nonpolar molecules → NP molecules need a protein carrier in the body

amphipathic

partially dissolves in water. part P and part NP

ex. phospholipid

functions of lipids

-store energy

-cell membrane components

-make steroids

what are the classes of lipids?

P.E.T.S.

Phospholipids

Eicosanoids

Triglycerides

Steroids

fatty acid

chain of lipid made of C and H. nonpolar

Triglyceride

-most common lipid

-hydrophobic, NP

-1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid tail

-created by joining glycerol via lipogenesis

unsaturated, saturated, polyunsaturated triglyceride

unsat = no double bonds. solid @ room temp

sat = 1 double bond. liquid @ RT

polyunsat = 2+ double bond

Phospholipid

-cell membrane bilayer

-amphipathic

-polar phosphate group in head with 2 NP fatty acid tails

Steroid

-nonpolar

-4 carbon ring structure

-side chains make them unique

-ex. cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone, bile salts

cholesterol

-type of steroid

-plasma membrane flexibility

-precursor to other steroid synthesis

Eicosanoids

-20 carbon chain fatty acid

-signal molecules

-inflammatory response & nervous system communicators (think back to pain response in microbio)

classes of eicosanoids

prostaglandin

prostacyclin

thromboxane

leukotriene

a protein is _______

a polymer made from monomers of amino acids

amino acid overview

-1 amine group, 1 carboxyl group, side R chains

-20 types of amino acids

-peptide bond created by dehydration synthesis

lengths of peptides

oligopeptide = 3-20 AAs

polypeptide = 21-199 AAs

protein = 200+ AA’s

four types of AAs

-nonpolar

-polar

-charged

-AAs with special function

Nonpolar AAs

-has only H-C bonds

-group with other NP AAs → hydrophobic exclusion

polar AA’s

-R grp has more than H-C (usually O or N)

-interact with water and other polar AAs

charged AAs

-R grp has +/- charge

-forms ionic bond btwn other charged AAs

-hydrophilic

AAs with special function

-proline - cause bend in protein chain

-cysteine - can form disulfide bond

-methionine - MET. start marker, first AA during protein synthesis

1° Primary Structure

sequence of AA’s

2° Secondary Structure

H-bonds → coiling of peptide chain

-a-helix

-b-pleated sheet

3° Tertiary Structure

3D shape of protein as it folds→ affected by H-phobic or philic interactions of peptides

-fibrous protein = skinnier and straighter. insoluble in water. structural support in body (ex. muscle)

-globular protein = like a blob. soluble in water. chemical process/metabolism (ex. enzymes)

4° Quaternary Structure

more folding. only appears if protein is made of 2+ polypeptides