Introduction to Research Methods and Analysis (PSGY1004)

This set of flashcards covers key terminology and concepts related to research methods and statistical analysis as discussed in the lecture.

Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST)

A statistical method that assumes the null hypothesis (H0) is true and calculates the probability of obtaining test statistics under this assumption.

Significance level (alpha)

The probability of committing a Type I error, representing the threshold for achieving statistical significance.

Statistical power

The probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false; calculated as 1 - β.

Type I error

The error made when a true null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected; denoted by alpha (α).

Type II error

The error made when a false null hypothesis is not rejected; denoted by beta (β).

Effect size

A quantitative measure of the magnitude of the experimental effect, indicating how meaningful the results are.

Familywise error rate

The probability of making one or more Type I errors when performing multiple hypotheses tests.

Bonferroni correction

A statistical adjustment to reduce the probability of Type I error when multiple comparisons are made.

One-tailed test

A hypothesis test that evaluates whether a parameter is either greater than or less than a certain value, but not both.

Two-tailed test

A hypothesis test that evaluates whether a parameter is significantly different from a certain value, in either direction.

Cohen's d

A measure of effect size used to indicate the standardized difference between two means.

Pearson's r

A measure of the strength and direction of the association between two continuous variables.

Partial eta squared

A measure of effect size often used in ANOVA that indicates the proportion of total variability attributable to a factor.

Sample size

The number of observations or replicates included in a statistical sample, influencing the accuracy of power tests.

Post-hoc power analysis

An analysis conducted after data collection to determine the power achieved in the study based on the results.

G*Power

A statistical software program used for power analysis, allowing researchers to calculate sample size and power for various tests.