Education- Ethnicity

Why are BAME children more likely to be underachieving academically?

- More likely to be be unemployed or be in low-paid jobs.

- More likely to occupy poor quality and over-crowded housing in economically depressed urban areas. (90% of failing schools are in deprived areas)

What does Palmer believe?

Half of BAME children live in low-income families compared with 25% of white families. Due to COVID/cost of living crisis, 53% of black children are growing up in poverty, was 42%.

What did the Equality and Human Right Commission find?

White boys that qualify for FSM as well as Bangladeshi and African-Caribbean who qualify for FSM are half as likely than other groups to achieve good GCSE results. Twice as likely to be excluded from school.

What do Ireson and Rushforth believe?

BAME parents form higher-economic backgrounds use their higher incomes to hire private tutors.

How can you evaluate studies supporting material deprivation?

- Stokes et al: BAME pupils often perform better than white boys from deprived backgrounds, suggests there is another reason for underachievement. Gillborn challenges this view- white children in poverty (those claiming FSM), are three times more likely to achieve 5 GCSE's compared to Gypsy and Roma children.

- Feminists argue that gender may be more significant.

How has cultural deprivation impacted academic achievement?

- Asian, Chinese and African families- it is argued that children benefit from cultural/parental attitudes on education.

- African-Carribbean teenage boys underachieve due to lack of positive parental role models, and in turn they search for deviant role models leading to educational underachievement.

What do Archer and Francis believe?

Chinese parents see education as a family project and consequently have high expectations and invest time and money into it.

What does Basit claim?

Asian parents view education as a type of capital that can transform the lives of children.

What does Lupton believe?

Asian families, especially those from Muslim backgrounds, are more well-behaved at school and work harder because of their socialisation.

What does Khan believe?

Asian families are stress ridden and bound by tradition.

What does Sewell believe?

African-Caribbean boys brought up by single mothers lack the discipline provided by fathers and are more attracted to gang culture which are 'anti-academic'

What does Moynihan argue?

New Right suggest many black families are led by a lone mother which struggle financially, causing them to be inadequately socialised.

What does Murray believe?

Lone parenthood and lack of positive role models lead to ethnic underachievement.

What does Pryce believe?

Sees family structure as leading to black Caribbean underachievement. Cultures value education differently leading to underachievement.

What do Bereiter and Engelmann say?

Children experience linguistic deprivation. Bowker suggests a similar issue.

What does McCulloch believe about white working class people?

Out of 16000 people studied, white W/C pupils were less likely to aspire to university than ethnic minorities.

What does Evans believe about white working class people?

White W/C culture is brutal, school fuels this.

How does Burgness evaluate cultural deprivation theory?

BAME teenagers consistently demonstrate higher educational aspirations than white pupils.

How does Evan's evaluate cultural deprivation theory?

The underachievement of white W/C boys living in poor families in inner city areas is a greater social problem than BAME underachievers. White boys achievement has fallen whilst BAME achievement has risen.

What do Gillborn and Youdell believe about labelling and teacher racism?

- Teachers had radicalised expectations about black pupils and expected more discipline problems, also misinterpret behaviour as threatening/challenging to authority.

- Black children are more likely than others to be punished for the same behaviour.

- Teachers underestimate the ability and pick on black pupils more.

- Racial stereotypes cause underachievement because it leads to higher levels of exclusions and black pupils being placed into lower sets and streams.

What does Bourne believe about labelling and teacher racism?

Schools see black boys as a threat and label them negatively which leads to exclusion.

What does Osler believe about labelling and teacher racism?

Black children are more likely to be subject to unofficial exclusions and internal exclusions. More likely to end up in a Pupil Referral Unit that excludes them from the mainstream curriculum.

What does Foster believe about teacher labelling and racism?

Black children have stereotypes about their behaviour, leading them to be placed in lower sets causing a self-fulfilling prophecy.

What does Wright believe about Asian pupils?

- Asian primary pupils often stereotyped by their teachers and treated differently.

- Teachers assumed students would have a poor grasp of English meaning they would use simplistic language.

- Pupils feel isolated when teachers expressed disapproval of customs or mispronouncing their names.

- Affects self-esteem.

What does Archer believe about Asian pupils?

Teachers stereotyped Asian girls as quite, passive or docile. 'Negative positive stereotype' which success is seen as over-achievement.

What does Sharin believe about Asian pupils?

When Asian girls behave outside their stereotype, they are challenged more harshly.

What does Archer believe about Pupil Identities and Labelling?

There are 3 types of identity:

- Ideal (white, M/C, masculinised and heterosexual), these pupils achieve in the 'right' way and have natural ability.

- Pathologised pupil (Asian, 'the deserving poor', feminised identitym asexual), slog out of their achievements

- Demonised pupil (black or white w/c pupil who is hypersexualised), unintelligent, peer lead and culturally deprived.

What does Sewell believe about Pupil Subcultures and Responses?

- Black boys adopted a range of responses to teacher's racist labelling of them as rebellious and anti-school.

- Conformists were keen to succeed, accepted school's goals etc.

- Rebels rejected the schools goals and conformed to the stereotype of the 'black macho lad'

- Innovators were pro-education and anti-school.

- Retreatists were isolated individuals, disconnected from both schools and black sub-cultures.

- Only a small minority of black pupils fit the rebel stereotype but teachers tended to see all black pupils as this.

What does Fuller believe about Pupil Subcultures and Responses?

- Instead of accepting negative stereotypes, girls channel their anger into educational pursuits. Positive attitude was towards school work only, not teachers approval.

What does Mirza believe?

Studied ambitious black girls who faced teachers racism, but they failed to achieve their ambitions because their coping strategies restricted their oppourtunities and resulted in under-achievement.

What is said about the 'ethnocentric curriculum'?

- Troyna and Williams say the British Curriculum as giving priority to white culture and English language.

- Ball says the history curriculum recreates a 'mythical age of empire and past glories' and ignores the history of Black and Asian minorities. Diminishes self-esteem which has a negative effect on achievement.