4c + d - Urban landscapes + Inequality

What are the 6 urban landscapes?

-Town center mixed use development

-cultural and heritage quarters

-gentrified areas

-fortress developments

-edge cities

-post-modern western city

Why is a town center mixed use development area made and what are 3 key features?

Encourage development of functions other than retailing. They balance residential, leisure and commercial land use. They aim to attract people back to the CBD by giving them opportunities to live, work and relax there. Features are:

-more empty space

-more night life

-redeveloping old buildings

Assess the sustainability and give an example of town centre mixed use development areas

Can attract visitors and boost economy but there is a decline of the CBD in smaller cities so they are economically sustainable but maybe not environmentally due to tourists eg: Exeter in Devon

Why are cultural heritage centers made and state 3 key features?

Urban regeneration and to focus on the history or character of the city. They are often developed by local councils to regenerate industrial areas. Features are:

- Cultural production, galleries and history

Assess the sustainability and give an example of cultural heritage centre's?

Gains regional or even national importance but can raise house prices for example Birmingham Jewellery Quarters.

Socially they promote social inclusion and preserve cultural identity and economically they can attract investment however they do need to be maintained which can cost a lot of money and tourists can put a strain on the environment

What is a gentrified area and give 3 key features?

Wealthier people buying and renovating properties in run down areas. Features are:

- Composition of houses to just couples

- Artists being pioneers

- Renovated high quality properties and a large range of services

Assess the sustainability and give an example of a gentrified area?

People on low incomes can't afford to live there however the physical environment is improved and there is more car ownership in the area for example London. Building on brownfield sites is sustainable however it could cause inequality and social segregation between the people

What is a fortress development and give 3 key features?

Landscape designed around security and protection generally in suburban areas.

- CCTV, railings/fences and mosquito alarms

Assess the sustainability and give an example of a fortress development?

Unwelcoming but helps to design out crime through architecture. It will not cause social sustainability for example LA which builds on fear with armed response units in residential areas. Can be divisive as only rich people can afford to live there and essentially lock the poor people out

What's an edge city and give 3 key features?

Self contained cities that go beyond the boundary and are cities in their own right. They are built where the land is cheaper and were developed in the 1950s where car ownership increased.

- Close to major roads/airports, schools and close to shops

Assess the sustainability and give an example of edge cities

Linked to extreme social segregation where the poor are on the city boundary but are self-sufficient so may be economic sustainability but not social. Eg: LA

What's a postmodern city and give 4 key features?

Umbrella term for fortress and edge cities

- More producer services and not mass production, varied architecture, greater ethnic diversity and high tech corridors

Assess the sustainability and give an example of postmodern cities

They aren't widespread yet so it's hard to know however examples may be LA or Las Vegas

What are some negatives if urbanisation continues?

Unemployment, social unrest and crime, destruction of the greenbelt

3 main reasons for social segregation?

Housing, environments developing and ethnicity

Why was there inequality in Bengluru in India and how many of the people lived in slums? What did the government do?

25% of people lived in slums and because of outsourcing from the West for call centers and SEZ making the area more appealing so lots of people in-migrated. However, call centre and the IT jobs only benefitted the richer people so poorer people didn't have well paying jobs causing inequality.

- so they made more edge cities to reduce inner city slums and a transport system. NGO’s such as community centers like the Swabhimaan center, provide educational support

How did Medellin in Columbia reduce issues associated with urbanisation?

Cable cars to connect the poor and rich and poverty went down by 60%