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Rationalism
Belief that knowledge can be acquired through reason alone.
Empiricism
Theory that all knowledge comes from sense experience.
Dualism
Concept that the world consists of two fundamentally different substances, matter and spirit.
Determinism
Belief that all physical events are predetermined by prior causal factors.
Cartesian skepticism
Problem of how to have knowledge beyond the contents of our own minds.
Substance dualist
One who believes the world is made of two distinct substances, mind and matter.
Panpsychism
View that all physical objects are made up of monads that also possess mental aspects.
Pre-established harmony
Idea that monads exist in a harmonious relationship pre-established by God.
Idealism
Philosophical view that the world consists only of ideas, rejecting physical substance.
A priori reasoning
Reasoning independent of experience, providing understanding of relations of ideas.
A posteriori reasoning
Reasoning based on experience, essential for understanding matters of fact.
Skepticism about causation
Doubt regarding the necessity of causal connections between events.
Skepticism about induction
Doubt about making absolute predictions based on past observations.
Hume's skepticism about God
Critical examination of religious beliefs based on empirical evidence and rational inquiry.
Hume's view on The Self
Belief that the self is a projection from experiences, and we are just a bundle of experiences.
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