pols chapter 14 simplified terms

Appellate Jurisdiction

When a higher court reviews a case that was already decided by a lower court.

Jurisdiction

A court’s power to hear a case, which includes Original Jurisdiction and Appellate Jurisdiction.

Original Jurisdiction

The court is the first to hear the case.

Judicial Review

The power of courts to declare laws or government actions unconstitutional.

Judicial Activism

The idea that judges can create new legal principles if needed, even if it goes against past decisions.

Judicial Restraint

The belief that judges should stick to past rulings (precedents) and let lawmakers make policy decisions.

Living Constitution Theory

The idea that the Constitution should be interpreted based on today’s society, not just its original meaning.

Originalism Theory

The belief that the Constitution should be interpreted based only on what it meant when it was written.

Decision

The final vote by a court on which side wins.

Opinion

The written explanation of a court’s decision.

Majority Opinion

The official ruling when most justices agree on both the decision and the reasoning.

Concurring Opinion

A justice agrees with the ruling but has different reasons.

Dissenting Opinion

A justice explains why they disagree with the majority decision.

Plurality Opinion

When most justices agree on the outcome but not on the legal reasoning.

Per Curiam Opinion

A short, unsigned decision issued by the entire Supreme Court.

Precedent

A previous court decision that sets an example for future cases.

Rule of Four

At least four Supreme Court justices must agree to hear a case for it to be reviewed.

Writ of Certiorari

A request asking the Supreme Court to hear an appeal from a lower court.