healthy psychology final exam

health behavior

any activity that people perform to maintain or improve their health

risk factors

put you at risk for conditions; characteristics or conditions that occur more often among individuals who develop diseases or injuries

protective factors

protect you from a condition; characteristics or conditions that occur more often among individuals who are less likely to develop diseases or injuries

forms of risk/protective factors

behaviors/habits, geographical location, environmental factors, genetic predisposition

social influences

change over time, before school= parents, during school= peers

avoidance/avoidance

a choice between 2 undesirable situations

organic pain

the pain that is experienced when it is linked to tissue pressure or damage

chronic-progressive pain

long-term, continuous discomfort that worsens as the underlying malignant condition preogresses

referred pain

the experience of discomfort as coming from an area of the body other than where the injury exists

iatrogenic condition

the result of a practitioner's error

safety/accidents

we address safety in a similar way to addressing health behaviors and illness prevention. promoting the 2 often use similar strategies and methods

primary prevention

actions taken to avoid disease or injury

secondary prevention

actions taken to identify and treat an illness or injury

tertiary prevention

actions taken to contain or prevent a condition from recurring

school intervention

health class, PE, dietary guidelines

workplace intervention

workplace safety and health are commonly encouraged by an organization's leadership team; healthcare coverage, physical fitness promotion, healthy food alternatives, safety promotions

electronic methods

the most cost-effective methods of health promotion that are used for many different applications; social media, health apps, online education

community programs

are often more costly than the other methods but are typically seen through government or organization-supported ventures; government health organizations, community-wide health events, online community resources

biological influences

genetics, family history, anatomical or physiological abnormalities

psychological influences

cognition, emotion, motivation

treatment delay

refers to the time that elapses between a person first noticing a symptom and when they enter medical care

appraisal delay

the time a person takes to interpret a symptom as a sign of illness

illness delay

the time taken between recognizing one is ill and deciding to seek medical attention

utilization delay

the time after deciding to seek medical care until actually going in to use the health service

doctor-centered care

behavioral style of clinician whose interaction with the patients is highly controlled by the practitioner (brief answers, ignore patients requests, use medical jargon)

patient-centered care

behavioral style of a clinician whose interactions encourage patients to share information and be a part of medical decisions (less controlling, open-ended questions, open to new facts, avoid use of medical jargon)

stress

the condition that results when a person/environment transactions lead an individual to perceive a decrease between the demands of a situation and their resources

stressors

events or circumstances that are physically or psychologically challenging

strain

the psychological and physical response to stressors

approach/approach

a choice that involves two appealing goals that are incompatible

approach/avoidance

a single goal or situation that has attractive and unattractive qualities

double approach/avoidance

2 situations with good and bad qualities each

locus of control

a generalized belief people have about the causes of events in their lives-- whether the causes are within or outside their control

internal locus of control

the perspective that successes and failures are within the control of the individual

external locus of control

the perspective that successes and failures are in the control of external factors or people

self-efficacy

people's belief that they can succeed at something they want to do

internal health locus of control

the belief that control of one's health lies within oneself

powerful others' locus of control

the belief that one's health is controlled by other people, such as physicians

chance locus of control

the belief that luck or fate control their health

emotion-focused coping

approaches people use for managing stress that are aimed at regulating their emotional responses

problem-focused coping

approaches people use for managing stress aimed at reducing the discrepancy between their resources and the demands of the situation

psychogenic pain

the pain that is not experienced from tissue pressure or damage and seems to have a psychological issue

acute pain

the discomfort patients experience with temporary medical conditions, lasting less than about 3 months

chronic-recurrent pain

long-term, repeated, and intense episodes of discomfort stemming from benign causes

chronic-intractable-benign pain

long-term, continuous, but variable discomfort stemming from benign causes

clinical pain

any pain symptoms that receive or require professional treatment (surgical methods, chemical methods, behavioral and cognitive methods)

complementary medicine

works in conjunction with traditional forms of medicine and clinical care

alternative medicine

functions as a replacement for traditional forms of medicine and clinical care

nosocomial infection

an infection a patient contracts while in the hospital

adaptation

the changes people undergo in making positive adjustments to circumstances in their lives

self-management

methods used in helping people gain control over the conditions in their environment that encourage undesirable behaviors

addiction

the condition of physical and psychological dependence on a substance

psychological dependence

a state in which a person feels compelled to use a substance for the pleasant effect it produces

physical dependence

a state in which the body has become accustomed to the presence of a substance in its physiological functioning (this breaks down into tolerance and withdrawal)

tolerance

gradual decrease in the body's response to a drug, thereby requiring larger and larger doses to achieve the same effect

withdrawal

physical and psychological symptoms that occur when people stop taking a substance on which they have become dependent

carbohydrates

include simple and complex sugars that are major sources of energy for the body

lipids

include saturated and polyunsaturated fats, as well as cholesterol (lipids=cholesterol=atherosclerosis)

proteins

are important mainly in the body's synthesis of new cell material

vitamins

organic chemicals that regulate metabolism and functions of the body; used in converting nutrients to energy, producing hormones, and breaking down waste products and toxins

minerals

inorganic substances, such as iron, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, iodine, and zinc, each of which is important in body development and functioning

cholesterol

primary dietary issue that causes atherosclerosis, commonly

low-density lopprotein (LDL)

this should be low; cholesterol-carrying protein that is associated with increased cholesterol deposit in blood vessels

high-density lipoportein

cholesterol-carrying protein that is associated with decreased cholesterol deposits in the blood vessels

isotonic exercise

a type of activity that involves exerting most of the muscle force in one direction

isometric exercise

a type of activity that involves exerting muscle force against an object that does not move (while also not moving either)

isokinetic

a type of activity that involves exerting muscle force in more than one direction while moving an object

aerobic exercise

sustained and energetic physical activity in which the body uses high volume of oxygen over many minutes (running, swimming, biking)

promoting exercise

required health and physical education is the most common wat to promote exercise in children

evidence-based treatment

interventions or techniques with clear support for efficacy from high-quality research

cost-benefit ratio

the degree to which an intervention or technique saves more money over time than it costs