Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution Test

Causes and Effects of the Enlightenment

• People began to use reasoning to support their arguments→ Scientific revolution (People defied church ideas to create their own beliefs)

• People answered political questions

• Creation of the printing press→ Scientific and Enlightenment ideas spread and peoples literacy rates increased

• Coffeehouses and Bars is where ideas were exchanged

• Encyclopedia is where ideas were written and stored

• People learned and spread ideas of philosophers and scientists→ church and monarchs were angered

• People implemented systems of having a voice in gov’t

• New branches of gov’t established

• Colonists also read / were influenced by Enlightenment ideas→ revolted against their colonizers and gained independence as they were unhappy with their government and economies

• As a result, the MONARCHY AND CHURCH WERE QUESTIONED

• The Enlightenment was characterized by an emphasis on reason, individualism, and skepticism of authority, leading to political and social changes such as the questioning of monarchy, increased literacy through printed materials, and new forms of governance.

John Locke

• Believed that people were reasonable and moral

• Natural Rights: life, liberty and property

• Believed that govts were formed to protect natural rights

• Government power is limited and if it fails to protect rights, citizens should overthrow it

• His ideas shaped modern democracy/ science and scientific thinking

• His ideas emphasized the importance of individual rights and the consent of the governed, forming a foundation for liberal political theory.

Baron de Montesquieu

• Advocated for the separation of powers in government to prevent tyranny

• Believed in checks and balances among branches of government

• Influenced modern political thought and the structure of many governments

• Legislative, executive and judicial branches of government

• Believed in the balance of power and how rules/ laws never change

• Democracy = best form of government

• As a result, countries such as the USA have three branches of govt and British parliaments/ house of commons are more representative

Jean Jaques Rousseau

• people=good

• People corrupted by unequal property and money

• Called for “common good” over individual interests

• As a result, people had more voice in government and were allowed to exchange input while creating a more obedient society

• Support (taxes) for greater good (community)

• Social contract: people follow laws in exchange for freedom and protection

• Inspired by Locke and believed that people have ability to reason/ are trustworthy

• Emphasized the Social contract

Voltaire

• Believed in the freedom of expression/speech

• People have the right to say what they believe: Freedom of Expression

• Countries and governments enabled people to speak freely as it helped improve governments while allowing them to maintain their positions

• Additionally, freedom of speech supports the Natural rights

How Enlightenment ideas led to revolutions throughout Europe, the Americas, and the Caribbean

• Revolutions were inspired by Enlightenment ideas: power/natural rights

• Enlightenment ideas spread amongst people in salons, coffeehouses, through books and printed texts and encyclopedias

British Colonists

• Rethought relationship between king, parliament and colonies

  • No taxation without representation

  • Invoked Natural Rights→ Believed king and parliament infringed on rights

  • Created the Declaration of Independence

  • No taxation without representation

  • Stated that colonists had the right to break free from a tyrannical government

  • Impact: American revolution, constitution and the Bill of Rights

French Revolutionaries

• rebelled against the monarchy due to unfair spending and high taxes

• 3 estates system: significant political, social and economic inequality

• Experienced economic crisis, high taxes on middle class while Louis XIV ruled with absolute power

• Moderate→violent revolution (4 phases)

• Led to the creation of the Declaration of Rights of Man

Latin American and Caribbean Revolutionaries

• Native people were mistreated and enslaved along with Africans

• Wanted to get rid of rigid social hierarchy, take control of their own economy/ gov’t, have a voice in government and representation, nationalism, liberalism and have political equality

• Revolutions brought an end to European control and dominance in the region

• Revolutionaries like Miguel Hidalgo, Simon Bolivar, Toussaint Louviateur, Francisco de Miranda and Jose San Martin were inspired by Enlightenment ideas and spread them to others

• Haiti, Mexico, Venezuela, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil.

Conservatism vs Liberalism

Conservatism: led by monarchs, nobles and church

• Want to restore social hierarchy, reestablish rights and constitutional gov’t

• Opposed free press and crushed revolutionary movements

• Conservatism: led by monarchs, nobles and church

• Want to restore social hierarchy, reestablish rights and constitutional gov’t

• Opposed free press and crushed revolutionary movements

Liberalism: led by philosophers, intellectuals and oppressed

• Want to separate powers, create constitutions, protect natural rights and create republican gov’ts

• Fought for individual rights and free trade

• Led to revolutions in Europe and Latin America

• Most European revolutions failed and monarchies prevailed

Nationalism

• Patriotism/ loyalty to nation

• People united by shared bonds: history, language, traditions and ideals

• Led to unification and creation of nation-states in Europe

• People’s commonalities in their nation inspired them to rebel against foreign oppressors/colonizers

Latin American and Caribbean Unification

People united over shared anger with Spanish colonizers and their lack of representation in their government

• Fought to establish a country where their own people were in charge of government and economy

• Latin American and Caribbean  nationalists felt pride and the need to feel represented in their own nation

• Wanted freedom from foreign powers and wanted to embody the Enlightenment ideas that their leaders studied and spread

Trade and Mercantilism

The Colombian exchange + Triangular trade allowed movement of goods and people

• Impact: Spread of ideas, plants, animals (agriculture) and disease

• Decline of native populations but a lot of urbanization and movement to colonies

Mercantilism: people can only trade with “mother country”: avoids enemy relations and gives mother country more resources

• Raw goods→ mother country

• Finished goods→ colonies

• Demand for finished and raw goods→ industrialization

• Production changed from hand craftsmanship to machine manufacturing

Agricultural Revolution

• AKA enclosure movement

• New farming tools

• More agriculture was farmed/ traded

Technology

• New tech advancements/inventions in farming, textile industry, travel, communication and medicine

• Increased production of goods

Population Growth

• Population grew due to more resources and job opportunities

• More labor was done with a higher population→ more goods produced

• Enslavement of Africans and indigenous peoples in North, Central and South America

Geography

• Urbanization/ increased immigration (to the US/ Americas)

• Different locations were abundant in different natural resources: coal, oil, iron

• International markets opened

Government support of Industry

• Incentives and loans

• Minimal regulations= no environmental laws, protection of employees

• High tariffs (taxes on foreign goods)

Ways the Industrial Revolution improved people’s lives

• New resources discovered

• Factories created jobs→ more money/ wages for people

• New products and cheaper for consumer

• Improvements in transportation/communication→faster/more efficient

• Urbanization

• advancements in tech/medicine

• Pop. growth

Ways the Industrial Revolution hurt people’s lives

• Social Darwinism promoted “survival of the fittest”

• Gap between rich and poor grew

• Workers were exploited= dangerous conditions and low pay

• African slave trade increased in Americas and Europe

• Monopolies emerge, making competition unfair

• US, Europe and Japan look to expand power→ Imperialism