kyla's work

Mean

The sum of a list of numbers, divided by the total number of numbers in the list

Median

"Middle value" of a list; the smallest number such that at least half the numbers in the list are no greater than it. If the list has an odd number of entries, the median is the middle entry in the list after sorting the list into increasing order. If the list has an even number of entries, the median is equal to the sum of the two middle (after sorting) numbers divided by two.

Mode

For lists, the mode is the most common (frequent) value. A list can have more than one mode. For histograms, a mode is a relative maximum ("bump").

Standard deviation

Tells how spread out numbers are from the average; calculated by taking the square root of the arithmetic average of the squares of the deviations from the mean in a frequency distribution.

Adrenal Cortex

Secretes steroids; Regulates salt and carbohydrates metabolism

Adrenal medulla

Secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline; Prepares body for action

Gonads

Secretes Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone; Affects reproductive organs, sexual behavior, and physical development

Hypothalamus

Secretes neurosecretions; Controls the pituitary (part brain/part gland; produces neurotransmitters)

Pancreas

Secretes Insulin and Glucagen; Regulates sugar metabolism

Pituitary gland

Secretes Thyrotropin, Oxytocin, Coritcotrophin; Master gland; controls growth and other glands

Thyroid gland

Secretes Thyroxin and Calcitonin; regulates metabolism

Psychoanalysis therapy

Talk therapy designed to uncover the repressed feelings creating anxiety/disorders and deal with them in the conscious mind; uses free association, possibly hypnosis (dangerous), and dream interpretation to uncover the source of the problems

Use of introspection--looking inside yourself.

Founder of psychoanalytic thought...

Sigmund Freud

Jung

Collective unconscious, ancient/universal understand of roles called archetypes; people have self and

personas (masks we wear to emulate the archetypes); significant difference between these two parts

of ourselves create mental disorders; dream interpretation

Adler

Constant search of self-esteem and superiority; concept of inferiority complex

Horney

Search for love and interpersonal relationships are our driving force; differences with men/women;

emphasized conscious thought

Erikson

8 stages of development; see development chart

Beliefs of psychoanalytical thought

Defense mechanisms \= rationalization, denial, repression (the father of them all), projection, displacement, reaction formation (act the opposite of what you feel), sublimation (directing it to good uses), intellectualization

Unconscious thoughts drive behavior fueled on repressed feelings from early days. (id, ego, and superego)

Classical conditioning

neutral stimulus is associated with a natural stimulus (UCS) that creates a natural response (UCR). The neutral becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS) creating the same response (CR).

Operant conditioning

an intentional behavior (response) is reinforced positively, negatively, or by punishment encouraging a behavior (positive or negative) or discouraging a behavior.

Social/observation (behaviorism/learning)

through observation and imitation. That's why hit children learn to hit rather than what the parent is operantly trying to accomplish.

Reciprocal determination

(Bandura): our traits move us to choose certain environments, which then reinforce us so we feel good and repeat the behaviors, or the opposite.

*important--not interested in causes, but in changing behaviors

Behaviorists criticized psychoanalytical as being not testable and not observable.

Primary reinforcements

food, love\---things the organism physically needs

Secondary reinforcement

Money\---things that represent primary reinforcers

Continuous reinforcement

every time; teaches quickest, extinguishes quickest

Partial reinforcement

teaches slower, extinguishes slower

Schedules or reinforcement

\[1]variable ratio- reinforcement given after varying \# of times a behavior is done; slot machines

\[2]fixed ratio- every specific amount of times a behavior is done; one dollar for every three homeworks you turn in

\[3]variable interval- rewarded at a time increment that varies; fishing

\[4]fixed interval- time passes and then you get paid; a job

Shaping

Slowly reinforcing subject as they approximate a desired behavior

Immediate vs. delayed

In most instances, reinforcement must be immediate to be effective. For example, hangovers don't stop people from drinking.

Pavlov

Classical conditioning: dogss

Watson

Little Albert experiment, making him afraid of furry white things; conditioned phobias; applied CC to advertising

B.F. Skinner

the father of operant conditioning; trained pigeons to do unnatural behaviors in Skinner

boxes; took Watson's "give me a person, I'll make him what you want" maxim to the extreme;

wanted psychology to be more scientific, observable, and testable

Albert Bandura

The father of social learning theory; observation- imitation and reinforcement

Mary Cover Jones

Desensitization and the removal of phobias

Systematic desensitization

Slowly introducing the object of fear to the patient until their symptoms subside and then moving them closer; teaching clients to relax in each successive level of the anxiety hierarchy\=progressive relaxation

Aversion (remember this means "get away from") Conditioning:

Applying a punishment to an undesirable behavior; like making alcoholic drinks that make you violently ill; not effective if the person knows what's going on because they can cognitively blame it on the additive

Flooding

a type of exposure therapy that subjects a person to massive doses of what they are afraid of

Token Economics

Based on operant conditioning principles; reinforcement tokens given for desired

behavior and then later cashed in for privileges