HDFS 129 exam 1

exam 1

multidimensional

having many different sides or characteristics

multidirectional

at every period, development is a joint expression of growth and decline

multidisciplinary

involving two or more subject areas

plasticity

changes based on age

embedded in context

development must be studied in various context

reciprocal influence

development is an ongoing interaction between a changing individual in a changing environment

historical context

development viewed in terms of the time during which one lived

nature

the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

Nurture

traits based on the environment and upbringing

scientific goals:

description, explanation, optimation

description

finding averages / trends, describing patterns

Explanation

why do we develop the way we do?

Optimation

can we help people develop in ways that help them to flourish and thrive

theory

set of assumptions that attempt to describe or predict a phenomenon

hypothesis

proposed outcome based on theory

correlational research

describe strength and direction

NUMBER

strength of correlation

SIGN

direction of correlation

third variable problem

observed correlation that may be due to a non measured variable

developmental research

examines relationship between age of subjects and another variable

Cross sectional design

individuals of different ages are compared on a particular variable at one time

Longitudinal design

same individuals are studied over a period of time

Id

seek pleasure and avoid pain

Superego

moral center of personality

Ego

decides between Id and Superego

Concious mind

what we are aware of

Preconscious mind

stored information brought into the conscious mind by will or environmental triggers

Unconscious mind

kept from our awareness / conscious mind

Implicit memories

memories we aren't conscious of (before we can remember)

Amygdala develops _____ the prefrontal cortex

before

Amygdala

involved in emotions

prefrontal cortex

part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language

Behaviorism

personality is shaped by our environment

behaviorism traits

• reinforcement and punishment

• modeling

who made reinforcement and punishment approach

skinner

who made modeling approach

bandura

positive reinforcement

ADDING a DESIRED stimuli to INCREASE frequency of DESIRED behavior

negative reinforcement

REMOVING an UNDESIRED stimuli to INCREASE frequency of DESIRED behavior

positive punishment

ADDING an UNDESIRED stimuli to DECREASE the frequency of an UNDESIRED behavior

negative punishment

REMOVING a DESIRED stimulus to DECREASE the frequency of an UNDESIRED behavior

modeling

learning how to behave by observing others

psychosocial crisis

unique challenge in every stage of life

Stage 1

trust vs mistrust

stage 2

autonomy vs shame and doubt

stage 3

initiative vs guilt

stage 4

industry vs inferiority

stage 5

identity vs role confusion

stage 6

intimacy vs isolation

stage 7

Generativity vs. Stagnation (self-absorption)

stage 8

integrity vs despair

stage 1 age

0-18 months

stage 2 age

18m - 3 years

stage 3 age

4 - 5 years

stage 4 age

6 - 10 years

stage 5 age

11 - 22 years

stage 6 age

22 - 35 years

stage 7 age

35 - 65 years

stage 8 age

65 - death

levels of racism

• institutional, personally-mediated, and internalized

Institutional Racism

coded in laws, customs, and institutions

personally mediated racism

experiencing prejudice / discrimination

internalized racism

accepting limitations of ones full humanity