Introduction to Criminology Lecture Notes

This comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covers the foundational concepts, schools of thought, and legal frameworks introduced in a Criminology course, based on the transcript provided.

Criminology

The scientific study of the nature, extent, causes, and control of criminal behavior in both the individual and society; derived from the Latin word CRIMEN (accusation) and the Greek word LOGIA (Study of or to study).

Raffaele Garofalo

The Italian Law professor who coined the word CRIMINOLOGIA in $1885$.

Paul Topinard

A French anthropologist who used the analogous French term CRIMINOLOGIE.

RA 11131

The Philippine Criminology Profession Act of $2018$, which refers to the scientific study of crimes, criminals, and victims.

Edwin H. Sutherland and Donald Cressey

Defined criminology as a body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon, including the processes of making laws, breaking laws, and reacting towards the breaking of laws.

The Making of Laws

The examination of the nature and structure of laws in society which could be analyzed scientifically and systematically to learn crime causation.

The Breaking of Laws

The examination of the reasons for crime causation to answer why people commit crimes despite the presence of laws.

Reaction Towards the Breaking of Laws

The study of how people, criminals, and the government react to law-breaking to develop modern measures for treating offenders.

Criminal Etiology

The study of the cause or origin of crime and the primary reasons for crime commission.

Sociology of Law

The scientific analysis of the conditions under which penal or criminal laws have developed as a process of formal or social control.

Penology/Correction

A branch of criminology focusing on the prevention of crime and delinquency as a form of social reaction to criminality.

Criminalistics

Also known as Forensic Science; the study of criminal things and the analysis of physical evidence taken from a crime scene.

Social Science (Nature)

The intellectual and academic discipline designed to understand the social world objectively and the various aspects of human society.

Nationalistic (Nature)

The principle that the study of crime must be about the existing criminal law within the territory.

Dynamic (Nature)

The principle that criminology changes as social conditions change, concordant with advancements in other applied sciences.

Interdisciplinary (Nature)

The concept that many disciplines are involved in studying crimes, including sociology, psychology, psychiatry, and economics.

Criminal Sociology

Otherwise known as Sociology of Crime; the study of the making, breaking, and enforcing of criminal laws.

Criminal Biology

Also known as Biological Theories of Crime; the attempt to explain behaviors contrary to societal expectations through physiological examination.

Criminal Psychology

The study of the views, thoughts, intentions, actions, and reactions of criminals and participants in criminal behavior.

Criminal Anthropology

A combination of the study of the human species and criminals, often used in offender profiling based on physical appearance.

Criminal Psychopathology

The study of the psychopathic mental conditions of a perpetrator, focusing on antisocial personality disorders.

Criminal Phenomenology

An outlook on crime causation rooted in the idea that concepts are relevant only to the human mind and consciousness.

Victimology

The branch of criminology that scientifically studies the relationship between an injured party and an offender.

Criminologist

A person who studies criminology, analyzes criminal behavior, and provides explanations for who commits crimes and why.

Criminalist

A physical scientist who studies criminalistics or forensic science and deals with physical evidence like DNA, blood, and fingerprints.

Criminal Justice Practitioner

A person working in law enforcement, courts, or corrections, including police work, probation, or counseling.

Filipino Criminologist (RA 6505)

A graduate of a Degree of Criminology who has passed the examination for criminologists and is registered with the Board of Criminology.

Philippine College of Criminology

The first educational institution in the Philippines to offer Criminology education, formerly known as Plaridel College.

PEACE

Founded on January $15$, $1983$; the Philippine Educators Association for Criminology Education.

Demonological School

An unscientific theory suggesting that crime is the work of the devil and that the perpetrator is a passive agent possessed by a demon.

Classical School

An $18$th-century school led by Bentham and Beccaria proposing that people have free will and that punishment should be a deterrent.

Cesare Beccaria

The father of modern criminal law and criminal justice, who based his theory on free will and hedonistic calculus.

Jeremy Bentham

Founder of Modern Utilitarianism who developed the Utilitarian Hedonism theory (Pleasure and Pain Theory).

Utilitarian Hedonism

The theory explaining that a person always acts in a way to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

Neo-Classical School

Modified classical theory to argue that children and lunatics should not be punished because they cannot calculate pleasure and pain.

Positivist School

A school that uses scientific objectivity to observe physical and social root causes of criminal behavior.

Cesare Lombroso

The Father of Modern Criminology who proposed that criminals are born with physical stigmata and are atavistic in nature.

Born Criminals

Lombroso's classification for criminals whose behavior is inherited.

Criminaloid

A classification by Lombroso for a person who commits a crime due to less physical stamina or self-control.

Enrico Ferri

A positivist who investigated social and economic aspects and defined criminal psychology as defective resistance to tendencies.

Human Ecology Theory

Advocated by Robert E. Park; the study of the interrelationship between people and their environment in relation to crime.

Pyknic Type

Body type described by Kretschmer as stout with round bodies, prone to deception, fraud, and violence.

Athletic Type

Body type described by Kretschmer as muscular and strong, associated with crimes of violence.

Asthenic Type

Body type described by Kretschmer as skinny and slender, associated with petty theft and fraud.

Endomorphy

Sheldon's somatotype for relaxed, gregarious, and soft/rounded individuals with a viscerotonic temperament.

Mesomorphy

Sheldon's somatotype for athletic types who act aggressively and have a somotonic temperament.

Ectomorphy

Sheldon's somatotype for thin, poorly muscled introverts with a cerebrotonic temperament.

Anomie Theory

Advocated by Emile Durkheim; explains that crime is natural and the absence of norms in society is conducive to criminal acts.

Id

According to Freud, the primitive biological drives present at birth that seek instantaneous gratification.

Ego

The part of the personality that helps make decisions based on the reality principle and social acceptability.

Superego

The internalized values which act as a moral principle to suppress the id's urges.

Differential Association Theory

Developed by Edwin Sutherland; claims criminal behavior is learned through social interaction with peer groups.

Containment Theory

Proposed by Walter Reckless; states that delinquency arises from a breakdown in moral and social forces that contain deviance.

Strain Theory

Advocated by Robert King Merton; maintains that failure to achieve status or goals leads to crime under pressure.

Subcultural Theory

Albert K. Cohen's theory that delinquent gangs replace society's common norms with their own sub-cultures.

Theory of Neutralization

Developed by Sykes and Matza; includes five methods used by delinquents to justify their behavior (e.g., Denial of Responsibility).

Differential Opportunity Theory

Cloward and Ohlin's theory that delinquency is caused by poverty and the lack of alternative legitimate opportunities.

Subjective Approach

A perspective dealing primarily with biological and internal abnormalities to explain how and why crimes are committed.

Physiognomy

The study of the relationship between facial features and human conduct in relation to crimes.

Phrenology / Craniology

The study of the external formation of the skull to indicate brain development in relation to criminal behavior.

Kallikak Family Study

A study by Goddard tracing descendants of Martin Kallikak, highlighting the role of heredity and feeble-mindedness.

Juke Family Study

A study by Dugdale and Estabrook tracing descendants of Ada Juke, known as Margaret, the mother of criminals.

Objective Approach

Focuses on social groups, institutions, and environmental factors as influences on behavior.

Quetelet's thermic law of delinquency

The theory that crimes against persons predominate in the South Pole and warm seasons, while property crimes predominate in the North.

Ecological Approach

An objective approach dealing with biotic groupings, migration, and social conflict as influences on crime.

Crime (Legal Definition)

An act or omission in violation of a criminal law.

Offense

An act or omission punishable by special laws such as Republic Acts or Ordinances.

Felony

An act or omission that is punishable by the Revised Penal Code.

Delinquency/Misdemeanor

Acts that violate simple rules, usually referring to minor offenders.

Acquisitive Crime

A crime in which the offender acquires something because of the act.

Extinctive Crime

A crime where the end result of the act is destruction.

Continuing Crime

Also known as Transitory or Moving Crimes; committed in several places.

White Collar Crime

Crimes committed by persons of responsibility and upper socio-economic class during occupational activities.

Blue Collar Crime

Crimes committed by ordinary professionals to maintain their livelihood.

Dolo (Deceit)

When a criminal act is performed with deliberate intent.

Culpa (Fault)

When a wrongful act results from imprudence, negligence, lack of foresight, or lack of skill.

Attempted Felony

When the offender commences a felony directly by overt acts but does not perform all acts of execution due to accidents.

Frustrated Felony

When the offender performs all acts of execution but the felony is not produced due to causes independent of his will.

Consummated Felony

When all elements necessary for the execution and accomplishment of the crime are present.

Grave Felonies

Crimes to which the law attaches capital punishment or afflictive penalties.

Recidivist

A person who, at the time of trial for one crime, has been previously convicted of another crime embraced in the same title of the RPC.

Quasi-Recidivist

A person who commits another crime after final conviction of a previous crime before serving or while serving the sentence.

Habitual Delinquent

A person convicted of specific crimes (robbery, theft, estafa, etc.) for the $3$rd time within $10$ years of their last release.

Reiteracion

Where the offender has been previously punished for offenses not embraced in the same title of the code.

Criminal Law

The branch of public law that defines crimes, treats their nature, and provides for their punishment.

Generality

The characteristic of criminal law stating it is binding to all persons regardless of race or creed within Philippine territory.

Territoriality

The characteristic of criminal law stating it has force and effect only within the national territory.

Prospectivity

The principle that criminal law does not have retroactive effect unless it is favorable to the accused who is not a habitual delinquent.

Archipelagic Rule

The rule that all bodies of water abounding the Philippine Archipelago are part of the Philippine Territory regardless of dimension.

Crime Volume

The sum of index and non-index crimes committed in an area over a period of time.

Index Crimes

Serious crimes occurring with regularity, used as an index for the crime situation (e.g., murder, robbery, theft).

Non-Index Crimes

Violations of special laws and other crimes not categorized as index crimes.

Crime Rate

The number of crime incidents in a period for every $100,000$ inhabitants.

Crime Solution Efficiency

The percentage of solved cases out of the total number of crime incidents handled.

Benjamin Mendelsohn

First used the term victimology in $1947$; known as the Father of Victimology.

Victim Trauma

Emotional and physical experiences producing pain resulting from pairing a painful experience with a specific memory.

Restitution

A formal judicial procedure providing money or services to the victim for damages, paid by the offender.

Compensation

A formal administrative procedure where the state provides money to victims for real expenses resulting from victimization.

Punishment

The redress that the state takes against an offending member of society, involving pain and suffering.

Destierro

The penalty of banishing a person from a place, prohibiting them from entering a $25$-kilometer perimeter.