TOPIC 7- Control Systems

autocrine

paracrine

endocrine

signal (hormone) that travels to the target via blood

neuroendocrine

signal that originated from a neuron and travels to the target via blood stream

polypeptide hormone

   

amine hormone

modified amino acids that can be lipid-soluble or water-soluble

steroid hormone

tropic hormones

hormones that trigger the release of other hormones (in a hormone cascade)

high blood glucose

stimulus: _________

• detected by pancreatic beta cells

• response- secretion of insulin

• target- liver, muscles, etc

• response- decrease blood glucose via glycogen synthesis

low blood glucose

stimulus: _______

• source- pancreatic alpha cells

• target- liver

• response- increase blood glucose via glycogen breakdown

insulin

facilitates glycogen synthesis; decreases blood glucose

glucagon

increases blood glucose through glycogen breakdown

prothoracicotropic hormone

ecdysteroid

juvenile hormones

sensory neuron

interneurons

motor neuron

sodium potassium pump

______ always working to bring sodium ions out and bring potassium ions into the cell

• means the intercellular environment is more negative

non-gated channel

ligand-gated sodium channel

voltage-gated sodium channel

voltage-gated potassium channel

action potential steps

1. resting state- gated channels are closed

2. slow depolarization- stimulus opens up ligand-gated sodium channel

3. depolarization- opens most voltage-gated sodium channels and keeps the potassium channel closed

4. repolarization- voltage-gated sodium channels are closed, while voltage-gated potassium channels are opened

5. hyperpolarization- all sodium channels are now closed but potassium is still getting pumped

excitatory neurotransmitter

inhibitory neurotransmitter

temporal summation

one signal repeated over time

spatial summation

involuntary integration

voluntary integration