Unit 4 Vocab

Battle of Tippecanoe

Refers to the battle fought november 7, 1811 between William Henry Harrison and Native American warriors associated with Tecumseh and the Prophet.

Embargo Act of 1807

Refers to the act Refers to the British practice of recruiting American sailors forcefully into the Royal Navy during the early 19th century.that prohibited American ships from trading with foreign nations, effectively cutting off exports to Britain and France.

Impressment

Refers to the British practice of recruiting American sailors forcefully into the Royal Navy during the early 19th century.

Marbury V Madison

Refers to the Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review. This allowed the Court to invalidate laws that come into conflict with the Constitution.

Midnight appointments

In 1801 John Adams made last minute judicial appointments as his presidency term was ending. His goal was to fill up the spots of federal judiciaries with Federalist judges before Thomas Jefferson took over in office.

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa (the prophet)

Refers to key leaders of a Native American confederation that aimed at resisiting westward expansion by American settlers.

War Hawks

Refers to a set of Congress members leading up to the War of 1812. They advocated for military action against the British for issues like restrictions on trade and for British support for Native American resistance against American expansion.

Battle of New Orleans

Refers to the battle fought January 8, 1815 which is considered the final major battle of the War of 1812. Andrew Jackson led the battle, and his leadership and strategy like uniting a diverse force full of troops, militias and pirates contributed to their victory. The victory increased Americn nationalism and Jackson’s reputation. Even though this battle was fought after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, the battle was celebrated immensly.

Hartford Convention

Refers to the convention held by New England Federalists from December 1814 - January 1815 during the War of 1812. The Federalists were dissatisfied with the war because they believed it hurt their economy, particularly due to trade restrictions and the govts focus on southern and western expansion. Delegates discussed amendments to the constitution that aimed to protect New Englands interests.

Treaty of Ghent

Refers to the treaty signed December 24, 1814, that ended the war of 1812 between the US and Britain. The treaty restored relations between the two nations before the war. No terrirotiral gains were made by eaither side. The treaty reinstated the boundaries before the war, both sides agreed to stop the fighting. The agreement however did not speak about impressment or maritime/trade rights, which were big causes of why the war started. The treaty’s ratification helped create sense of national unity, and contributed to the “Era of Good Feelings.”

American system

A plan proposed by Henry Clay in the early 19th century to strengthen the U.S. economy by promoting internal improvements (like roads and canals), a national bank, and protective tariffs to support American industry. It aimed to create a self-sufficient, interdependent national economy.

Adams-Onis Treaty

An agreement between the United States and Spain in which Spain ceded Florida to the U.S., and the U.S. renounced any claims to Texas. The treaty also defined the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase.

Monroe Doctrine

A policy declared by President James Monroe in 1823, which stated that the Western Hemisphere was closed to further European colonization and that any interference by European nations in the affairs of the Americas would be considered a threat to U.S. security. In exchange, the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs.

Tallmadge amendment

A proposed amendment to a bill requesting the admission of Missouri as a state in 1819. It sought to prohibit the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and gradually emancipate the existing slave population. The amendment was passed in the House but defeated in the Senate, sparking heated debates over slavery.

Missouri Compromise

A compromise crafted by Henry Clay to resolve the crisis over the admission of Missouri as a slave state. It allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state and Maine as a free state to maintain the balance of power in the Senate. It also established that slavery would be prohibited in the remaining territories of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36°30' latitude line.

“corrupt bargain”

A term used by supporters of Andrew Jackson to describe the alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay during the 1824 presidential election. When the election was decided by the House of Representatives, Clay, the Speaker of the House, supported Adams, who then appointed Clay as his Secretary of State. Jackson's followers claimed that this arrangement was a "corrupt bargain."

Second Great Awakening

Refers to a religious revival moment, it emphasized personal faith, emotional engagement, a the idea of slavation for all.The revival spurred various social reforms including aboliionism, womens rights, and temperance as people began to seek to create a “kingdom of God” on earth.

Camp meeting

refer to large outdoor religious gatherings tha became popular during the Second Great Awakening. Its purpose was for communal worship, revival, and spiritual renewal.

Cane Ridge Revival

refers to a signficant religious event that toom place in Kentucky during the second great awakening. The revivial happended in a rural area and was part of a bigger movement seeking ti rejuvenate religious fervor.

Transcendentalism

Refers to the philosophical and literary movement that emerged primarily in New England. It emphasized indicidal inution and the born goodness of people and nature, and promoted te idea that individuals could transcend the real workd and connect with a higher spiritual reality.

Utopian communities

Refer to experimental socities founded on ideals of social perfection. It was commonly in reponse to the rapid changes brought by industrialization and urbanization. These communities sought to create a more equitable and harmonious way of life.

“benevolent empires”

Refers to a network of reform movements primarily across middle class protestants in the US. It aimed at improving society through moral reform and humanitarian efforts. It came in reposne to rapid urbaniation, industrialization, and social issues like poverty, alcholism, and slavery.

temperance crusade

Refers to a social movement that aimed at reducing or eliminating alcohol intake. The movement arose in response to the negative impacts of alchol lie domestic violence, health issues.

Seneca Falls Convention

Refers to the first women’s rights convention in the US. Its purpose aimed to discuss the social, civil, and relgious rights of women. They would address issues of inequality and advocting for womens suffrage

The Liberator

Refers to an influential abolitionsit newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison. It aimed to promote immediate emancipation and equal rights for all enslaved people

Force Bill

refers to the bill passed that allowed Andrew Jackson to use military force to ensure compliance with the laws, especially to South Carolinas attempt to nullify the Tariff of Abonimations. This would allow Jackson to release troops to enforce the tariff and suppress any rebellion.

Nullification Crisis

refers to a significant political confrontation between the federal govt and south Carolina. It was sparked by the Tariff of Abominations, South Carolina, declared the tariffs unconstitutional an tried to nullify them within the state.

Panic of 1837

Refers to a significant economic crisis in the US that led to a severe depression

Petticoat Affair

refers to the revolvance around elite women (the wives of the cabinet members) and a disagreement they had which eventually led to the disband and resignation of several cabinet members.

Tariff of Abomnations

Refers to the tariff of 1828, it was a protective tariff that raised duties of imported goods to protect industries in the north. It raised tariffs on raw materials and manufactured goods. This angered Southern States that heavily relied on imported goods.

The Bank War

a political struggle between Andrew Jackson and supporters of the second bank of the US. Jackson viewed the bank as a corrupt institution that favored the wealthy and was unconstitutional.

Whig Party

refers to a political party that emerged as opposition to Jackson and the dmocratic party, it advocated for a strong legislative branch and policies that supposrted modernizing economically, like infratructure and a national bank.

Internal Improvements

aimed at enhancing transportation and communication. This would include th creation of roads, canals, and railroads. Internal improvments made trading easier connecting rural aeas with urban markets and promtig economic development. The bilding of canals such as the Erie Canal, lowered transport costs and improved access to goods.

Lowell system

refers to an early industrial model specifically in textile mills of lowell, massachusetts. It employed young women from rural areas, they worked long hours in the mill. It initially offered good working conditions, but soo faced criticism for poor pay and harsh conditions.

Know-Nothing Party

nativist political party that focused on limiting immigration ad promoting protestant values. They were called the American Party and its memebers were known for their secrecy.

Erie Canal

Connected the Hudson river to lake erie, it helped shape transportation by lowering shipping costs and linking the Great Lakes to the Atlantic. It boosted economic growth, especially in NY nd helped westward expansion by making it easier to move goods and people.

“separate spheres”

Refers to the idea tht men belonged in the public, economic, and political spheres or realms, while the womens role was to stay at home, focused on family and morality.

“free labor”

the belief that individuals should have the freedom to work for wages, own property, and achieve social mobility.