The Fungi (lecture(heavy detail))

ancestral protists

cryptomycetes, microsporidians, chytrids, zoopagomycetes, and mucoromycetes

fungal cell walls

are made of chitin (polymers of N-acetylglucosamine)

multicellular fungi

contain a reproductive structure, hyphae, mycelium, and spore-producing structures

reproductive structure (multicellular fungi)

tiny haploid cells called spores are produced inside the mushroom

hyphae (multicellular fungi)

the mushroom and its subterranean mycelium are a continuous network of hyphae

arbuscules

mycorrhizal fungi have specialized hyphae called

mutualism

arbuscules that allow them to exchange nutrients with plants

mycorrhizal

associations improve phosphate uptake to plants; fungus receives carbohydrates

fungus root

mycorrhizal

haustoria

some unique fungi have specialized hyphae called ... that allow them to penetrate the tissues of their host

hyphae

... adapted for trapping and killing prey

arthrobotrys

a soil fungus, portions of the hyphae are modified as hoops that can constrict around a nematode (roundworm) in less than a second. the growing hyphae then penetrate the worm's body, and the fungus digests its prey's inner tissues

fungi

many ... reproduce both sexually and asexually, as shown here; others, however, reproduce only sexually or asexually

ascomycetes

(phylum ascomycota) include yeast, morels and truffles

the phylum

is defined by a sac-like structure called an ascus

ascus

the site of ascospore productions

sac fungi

the ascomycetes are also called ... or the cup fungi

tuber melanosporum

a truffle species that forms ectomycorrhizae with trees. the ascocarp grows underground and emits a strong odor. these ascocarps have been dug up and the middle one sliced open

morchella esculenta

the edible ascocarp of ... , the tasty morel, is often found under trees in orchards

basidiiomycetes (phylum basidiomycota)

include mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi, mutualists, and plant parasites

the phylum (basidiomycetes)

is defined by a clublike structure called a basidium, a transient diploid stage in the life cycle

club fungi

the basidiomycetes are also called

bracket or shelf fungus (puffball, stinkhorn)

important decomposers of wood

basidiomycete lifecycle ((stage 1)haploid))

two haploid mycelia of different mating types undergo plasmogamy

basidiomycete lifecycle ((stage 2) dikaryotic n+n))

a dikaryotic mycelium forms, growing faster than, and ultimately crowding out, the haploid parental mycelia

basidiomycete lifecycle ((stage 3) dikaryotic n+n))

environmental cues such as rain or change in temperature induce the dikaryotic mycelium to form compact masses that develop into basidiocarps (mushrooms, in this case)

basidiomycete lifecycle ((stage 4) dikaryotic n+n))

the basidiocarp gills are lined with terminal dikaryotic cells called basidia

basidiomycete lifecycle ((stage 5) diploid)

karyogamy in each basidium produces a diploid nucleus, which then undergoes meiosis

basidiomycete lifecycle (stage 6) haploid))

each diploid nucleus yields four haploid nuclei, each of which develops into a basidiospore

basidiomycete lifecycle (stage 7) haploid))

when mature, the basidiospores are ejected and then dispersed by the wind

basidiomycete lifecycle (stage 8) haploid))

in a suitable environment, the basidiospores germinate and grow into short-lived haploid mycelia

a fairy ring

according to legend, mushroom rings spring up where fairies have danced on a moonlit night.

lichens

mutualism between fungus and alga or cyanobacterium

Anatomy of an ascomycete lichen

contains ascocarp of fungus, fungal hyphae, algal layer, soredia, alga cell

a fruticose

shrublike lichen

a foliose

leaflike lichen

crustose

encrusting lichens