Organelles and More....

By Tafesse

What are Prokaryote Cells

a type of cell lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

What are Eukaryote Cells

an organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

What are some characteristics of Prokaryotic cells

• Simple and minimalist

• Lack a membrane bound nucleus

• Lack internal organelles

What are some Characteristics of Eukaryote cells

• Have a true nucleus

• Found in plants, animals, and fungi.

• Sectionalized membrane organelles

What are characteristics of plant cells

• Rigid cell Walls

• One large central Vacule

• Chloroplast for Photosynthesis

What are some Characteristics of Amimal cells

• No cell walls

• Small vacules

• Centrials, scillia, and flegella (For cell division and Movement)

What are characteristics of fungal cells

• Cell walls are made of keyton

• large vacules that vary in shape

What are some trade offs associated with having a cell wall

• Limits flexibility

• Limits nutrient absorption

Characteristics of Aseptate Fungal Hyphae

• Very large

• Form in a tubular system in a continuous cytoplasm

• lack cell walls

• Many nuclei

Characteristics of Striated muscle tissue

• Can be 300 millimeters long

• Surrounded by single plasma membrane but are multi nuclei-ed

• Adaptation for added efficient coordinated contraption over long distances.

Characteristics of Red Blood Cells

• Have no nucleus when mature

• More space given to hemogloben / oxogen transport

• No DNA

• Can not replicate

Characteristics of Phloem sieve tube

• used to transfer sugars

• lack nuclei

• rely on companion cells for survival and to function

What is compartmentalization

the division of the cells interior into different sections (Organelles) surrounded by membranes.

Benefits of Compartmentalization

1. enhance efficiency

2. protecting cellular components

3. organizing cellular processes

What is the first step in the Endomembrane system for transporting and producing proteins

Protein synthesis begins, DNA in the nucleus where instructions are prescribed to MRNA.

What is the second step in the Endomembrane system for transporting and producing proteins

MRNA Travels to Ribosomes on the rough ER where proteins are synthesized

What is the third step in the Endomembrane system for transporting and producing proteins

Newly made proteins enter the Rough ER where they are folded and modified.

What is the fourth step in the Endomembrane system for transporting and producing proteins

Transporting vesicles carry the protein to the Golgi apparatus for further modification and sorting

What is the Fifth step in the Endomembrane system for transporting and producing proteins?

The Golgi vesicles then direct proteins to their final destination, such as lysosomes, the cell membrane, and outside the cell.

What is the structure of the cell wall

External outer covering made of cellulose (plants), peptidoglycan (bacteria), chitin (fungi)

What is the function of the cell wall

Provides support and mechanical strength; prevents excess water uptake

What is the structure of the Centrosome

Microtubule organizing center

What is the function of the Centrosome

Microtubules form spindle fibers and contribute to cell division (mitosis / meiosis)

What is the structure of chloroplast

Double membrane structure with internal stacks of membranous discs

What is the function of chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis – manufactured organic molecules are stored in various plastids

What is the structure of a cytoskeleton

A filamentous scaffolding within the cytoplas

What is the function of Cytoskeleton

Provides internal structure and mediates intracellular transport 

What is the structure of Cytoplasm

Mostly water, but full of enzymes and other molecules

What is the function of Cytoplasm

Holds organelles in place and catalyzes reactions (like glycolysis)

What is the structure for Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

Folded membrane studded with ribosomes

what is the function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

Protein synthesis for export

What is the structure or Smooth Endoplasmic Recticulum

Folded membrane continuous with the nuclear envelope

What is the function or Smooth Endoplasmic Recticulum

Production of lipids and metabolism of toxins

What is the structure of Golgi

An assembly of vesicles and folded membranes located near the cell membrane

What is the function of Golgi

Involved in the sorting, storing, modification and export of secretory products

What is the structure of Lysosomes

Membranous sacs filled with hydrolytic enzymes

what is the function of Lysosomes

Breakdown / hydrolysis of macromolecules

What is the structure of mitochondrion

Double membrane structure, inner membrane highly folded into internal cristae

What is the function of mitochondrion

Site of aerobic respiration (ATP production)

What is the structure of Nuclear Envelope

Double membrane that surround the nucleus

What is the Function of Nuclear Envelope

Control movement in and out of the nucleus

What is the structure of Nucleoid Region

Area in prokaryotes where the bacterial DNA is concentrated

What is the function of Nucleoid Region

Holding place for DNA

What is the structure of Nucleolus

Dense, darker region in nucleus

What is the function of Nucleolus

Site of ribosome synthesis

What is the structure of Nucleus

Double membrane structure with pores

What is the function of nucleus

Stores genetic material (DNA) as chromatin

What is the structure of Peroxisome

Membranous sac containing a variety of catabolic enzymes

What is the Function of Peroxisome

Catalyses breakdown of toxic substances (e.g. H₂O₂) and other metabolites

What is the structure of Cell Membrane

Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins

What is the function of Cell Membrane

Semi-permeable and selective barrier surrounding the cell

What is the structure of Ribosomes

Two subunits made of rRNA and protein; larger in eukaryotes (80S) than prokaryotes (70S)

What is the Function of Ribosomes

ite of polypeptide synthesis (this process is called translation).  In general, cytoplasmic ribosomes synthesize proteins for use within the cell, and bound ribosomes (on the RER) synthesize proteins for secretion (export)

What is the structure of Vacuoles

Fluid-filled internal cavity surrounded by a membrane (tonoplast)

What is the function of Vacuoles

Maintains hydrostatic pressure in plants, animal cells may have small, temporary vacuoles, fungal vacuoles have a variety of functions

What is the structure of Vesicles

Membranous sac

What is the Function of Vesicles

Moves proteins and other products around the cell