MOB 181 R Lecture Review Flashcards

Flashcards generated from lecture notes to aid in exam preparation.

Cell

Simplest entity that can exist as an independent unit of life.

Cell Membrane

Discrete boundary that separates the interior of the cell from its external environment.

Prokaryotes

Cells without a nucleus.

Eukaryotes

Cells with a nucleus.

Bacteria + Archaea

Mostly single-celled microorganisms that lack a nucleus and are therefore prokaryotes.

Eukarya

Have a nucleus and are eukaryotic.

DNA

Molecule known as Deoxyribonucleic Acid, takes forms of a double helix; information archive.

RNA

Molecule used for the synthesis of proteins.

Proteins

Molecules that provide structure and do much of the work of the cell.

Transcription

Synthesis of RNA from DNA.

Translation

Synthesis of proteins from RNA.

Central Dogma of Biology

Pathway from DNA-RNA-proteins

Gene

DNA sequence that corresponds to a functional product, like a protein.

Cell Theory

The cell is the fundamental unit of life, all organisms are made up of cells, cells come from preexisting cells.

The Endomembrane System

Includes: nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, the cell membrane, and the vesicles.

Endocytosis

Process of enclosing material from the outside and bringing it into the cell interior

Exocytosis

Process where a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane.

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis.

Rough ER

Synthesizes transmembrane proteins.

Smooth ER

Lacks ribosomes, site of fatty acid and phospholipid biosynthesis.

Golgi Apparatus

Further modifies proteins & lipids; sorting station; major site where carbohydrates are added to proteins & lipids.

Lysosomes

Specialized vesicles derived from the GA that degrade damaged or unneeded macromolecules.

Mitochondria

Organelles that harness energy from chemical compounds, provide life-sustaining ATP.

Chloroplasts

Organelles that capture the energy of sunlight, this is called photosynthesis.

Cytoskeleton

Provides the internal support for cells.

Microfilaments

Polymers of actin monomers, that form a helix and help keep the shape of the cell.

Kinesin

Transport cargo toward the plus end of the microtubule.

Dynein

Carries its load away from the cell membrane toward the minus end of the microtubule.

Cilia

Rodlike structures that extend from the surface of cells and propel the movement of cells or fluid around the cell.

Hydrophilic

Water-loving.

Hydrophobic

Water-fearing.

Proteins

Provide structural supports and act as catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions.

Nucleic Acids

Encode and transmit genetic information.

Carbohydrates

Provide a source of energy and make up the cell wall in bacteria, plants, and algae.

Lipids

Make up cell membranes, store energy, and act as signaling molecules.

Polymers

Complex molecules made up of repeated smaller units connected by covalent bonds.

Amino

Polar, hydrophilic, behaves as base.

Amide

Polar, hydrophilic.

Carboxyl

Polar, hydrophilic, behaves as acid.

Carbonyl

Polar, hydrophilic.

Hydroxyl

Polar, hydrophilic.

Sulfhydryl

Polar, forms S-S disulfide.

Methyl

Nonpolar.

Phosphate

Polar, hydrophilic on DNA & RNA.

Pyrimidine Bases

Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U).

Purine Bases

Guanine (G), Adenine (A).

Cell Theory

All living things are made up of one or more cells, cells are the smallest units of life, all cells arise from other cells, cells do not arise from non-living matter

Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic have a membrane bound nucleus housing its DNA, prokaryotic cell does not; eukaryotic cells are much larger than prokaryotic cells.

Usefulness of Organelles

Incompatible chemical reactions can be separated; specialization ;increased efficiency of chemical and cellular processes.

Nucleus

Houses the DNA and is the site of RNA Synthesis.

Ribosomes

Tiny translators that wait in cytoplasm outside nucleus to scoop up RNA and decipher its genetic code, translate it into amino acids, the language of proteins.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Gets its name from the rough appearance of the ribosomes on it; protein will undergo initial prep for shipping.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Gets its name because it does not have ribosomes; lipids are synthesized and prepped for shipping.

Golgi Apparatus

Receives proteins and lipids from the rough and smooth ER by Vesicle transport; proteins and lipids will be further modified and sorted and packaged into vesicle for delivery to their final destination

Endomembrane System

Streamlines synthesis and delivery of proteins & lipids.

Lysosomes

A type of vesicle that contains enzymes that break down damaged or unneeded macromolecules into smaller components.

Mitochondria

Synthesize most of the ATP

Major Microtubule Functions

Cell shape & support, vesicle support & organelle arrangement, cell movement (by cilia, flagella), cell division (chromosome segregation).

Major Microfilament Functions

Cell shape & support, cell movement (by crawling), vesicle transport, muscle contraction, cell division (cytokinesis).

Major Intermediate Filament Function

Provide mechanical strength to cell.

Receptor Kinases

Enzymes that add aphoshate group to target proteins.

Information of Proteins Exam

Proteins are polymers made up of amino acid monomers as are the subunits or building blocks of a bigger molecule

Meet an amino acid

Each amino is composed of a central a carbon a carbon atom attached to amino group carboxyl group hydrogen R group] differs foraa acid there are 20 different amino acids , defined by their unique

AChange of even one amino acid in the primary structures

Can make an entirely different protein, a single glutamic dcid is replaced by a valine in one of the polypeptide subunits,bends red blood cells into characterestics sickle shape that can block blood vessels and can't carry as much oxygen

Central Dogma Transcription- RNA

A chemical rx that makes or goal:make proteins

DNA

Editable copy of inI' RNA blueprint for specific protein

Transcription

to make an RNA copy of a gene in the DNA * important because RNA is a disposable copy

5' cap 3' PolyA tail

gives mRNA Stability * provides a recognition .site for ribosomes to bind, gives mRNA Stability * provides a recognition site for exporter proteins to bind , to export mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm

Alternative splicing

a single gene in DNA to code for MANY different proteinsSimply by editing the MRNA copy

The Genetic Code

Read on mRNA 3 nucleotides at a time from 5 to 3 -

Translation DNA messenger RNA - mRNA transcription

SP25 MCB181R

Aminoacyl ERNA Synthetases

the actual translator job :: pairs amino acid with correct RNA.1

Theribosome

the assembly line /makes the protein

Gene

the ability of a cell to control how when I where /

transcription level epigenetic

make DNA sequences more/less accessible for transcription binding of regularatory proteins ton on-coding sequences on DNA,

positive regulation

the building of carbohydrates and energy for sell and

negative regulation

repressor protein specific to gene.Usually after promoter

operon:

region in bacterial genome that contains multiple genes under control of a single promoter

thelacp

One promoter that controls thetransuption QCZ , lacy, and IACA

epigenetic regulation :1::

transcription involves changes to the packaging of DNA chromatin- which affects how easily genes can be transcribed

Chromatin

Packaging of DNA inside the nucleus DNA wound s to histones

Two phase for growing cell

2 distinct phases. Interphase M phase (cell divides genetic material and splits in two

S phase

replicating the the new information

ingle stranded binding proteins

bind each ofthe parental DNA strands and prevent them from coming back together

RNA primase initiating -Synthesis

lays down RNA primer on each strand DNA is synthesized on 5' to 3

DNA

are capped by repetitive DNA sequences called telomeres

chromosome is just a massive

each unique chromosome contains a differentset of genes

Cancer

cells that do not have enough control over replication

M phase includes:

each daughter cell gets an identical set of chromosomes as the parent sell

Why important th

cell CycleRegulation o Since they attach to the chromosomes

Meiosism

homologous chromosomes pair up , then separate into two daughter cells by theend of will have a full setof but only one of each. -by

HAPLOID

Mejosis:Biological Situation germ cells are

Mitosis

biological Situation embryonic development,wound healing

a gene

traits is physical. Can vary in population

dAn organism can inherit 2 of th

in which dthe organism would be HOMOZYGOUS An organism can dsimilarly inherit one of eachthe

KEY PRINCIPLES

The segregation of alleles of each gene in genome

KEY PRINCIPLES d

The independent assortment of different genes on different chromosomes

dihybrid

• when doing a dihybrid , when in doubt foil * First

as DNA

homologos. genes or chromosome s can undre going this process

utosomal dominant trait:

the heterzygous trait associated w/ a gene on autosomal