Honors Biology Final Practical

Scientific Literature Examples

peer-reviewed articles, textbooks, and research papers

How is scientific literature different from popular literature

• Evidence-based, peer-reviewed, and aims to report research findings

• popular literature is often for general public consumption, may lack references, and doesn’t go through the same rigorous review process

Components of a microscope and function

• Objective lenses: focus light on the specimen

• Eyepiece: through which you view the specimen

• stage: holds the specimen

• diaphragm: controls light intensity

• coarse and fine focus: adjusts the sharpness of the image

How to translate a DNA sequence into it's complement and mRNA

Complement: replace A with T, C with G

mRNA: Replace T with U in RNA sequence

What are the different types of mutation

Point mutations: silent, missense, nonsense

Frameshift mutation: insertion or deletion

what are the differences between DNA and RNA

DNA: double stranded, contains thymine

RNA: Single-stranded, contains uracil instead of thymine

Complete dominance description

Complete dominance occurs when one allele completely masks the effect of another allele at the same locus, resulting in a phenotype that reflects only the dominant allele.

Incomplete dominance

Heterozygotes show a blend of traits from both alleles, resulting in a phenotype that is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes. (pink)

codominance

both alleles are expressed equally

Chi-Square equation

Xˆ2 = ∑ (observed-expected)ˆ2 over expected

Sources of error in a graph

Contamination, incorrect measurement, equipment malfunciton

Phases of Mitosis in order

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Phases of Meiosis I and II

Two rounds of division result in 4 non-identical haploid cells

Outcomes of meiosis in males and females

Male: spermatogenesis, 4 sperm cells

Female: oogenesis, produce 1 egg and 3 polar bodies

difference of haploid and diploid organisms and at different phases of the cell cycle

A haploid organism has only one set of chromosomes per cell (n), while a diploid organism has two sets of chromosomes per cell (2n); during the cell cycle, haploid cells are primarily produced through meiosis (creating gametes like sperm and egg), while diploid cells are produced through mitosis (creating somatic cells) and maintain their diploid status throughout the cell cycle in most organism

natural selection driver of evolution

• favors certain traits

• allows organisms with those to survive and reproduce more, leading to increased prevalence

mutation as driver of evolution

• introduces new genetic variations through random changes in DNA

genetic DRIFT as driver of evolution

• random fluctuations in allele frequencies due to chance events, especially in small populations

• bottle neck effect: drastic drop in population; natural disasters

• founder effect: small group of individuals from a larger population establish a new colony, leading to a new population with a different genetic makeup than the original population, often with reduced genetic diversity

gene FLOW

• random process, meaning it can have unpredictable effects on allele frequencies

Name the 4 species concepts

Biological: species of organisms that can produce viable offspring only with eachother

Morphological: identifies species based on observable physical characteristics or traits

Ecological: Defines a species based on its ecological niche (role in ecosystem)

Phylogenetic: Classifies species based on evolutionary history

simple cellular diffusion

molecules move directly across a membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration without the need for any transport proteins

facilitated diffusion

high to low concentration with assistance of channel or carrier protein

osmosis

diffusion of water molecules across semipermeable membrane from high water concentration to low concentration

What does transmittance mean

Amount of light that passes through a solution

what does absorbance mean

unit of measurement that indicates the amount of light that passes through a liquid at a specific wavelength

High vs low pH meaning

High: basic

Low: acidic

scientific naming parts

Genus species

Vascular vs nonvascular plants

Vascular have xylem and phloem, non-vascular plants do not

Seed bearing vs seedless plants

Seed plants produce seeds, seedless rely on spores

how to read a food web

arrow points towards the consumer, and which way the energy is going

how to know what level an individual is at

look at its position on the feeding hierarchy

How energy is transferred in an energy pyramid

eating the level below or for producers, from the sun using photosynthesis

How much energy moves level to level in a food pyramid

decreases as it moves up the pyramid (10% rule), most energy is lost as heat

Animals domain kingdom

Eukaryota domain, Animalia kingdom

Chordates classes

Chordata

echinoderms class

echinodermata

arthropods class

arthropoda