Kinesiology Notes and Vocab - Unit.6

Neuro system

Controls the function of every other system in the body by communicating with body systems/organs

• coordinates performance using electrical and chemical means

Somatic ns and Autonomic ns

• From autonomic is sympathetic ns and parasympathetic ns

How is the peripheral nervous system divided?

Brain and spinal cord

How is the central Nervous system divided?

Fissure

The deep grooves in the cerebral cortex

Sulci

The shallow grooves in the cerebral cortex

Gyri

The ridges between the sulci on the cerebral cortex

As the cortex expanded, our brain created folds to maximize the volume that could fit inside our skull.

Why do we have ridges in our brain?

• Volume theory

• Conscious thought

white matter

Myelinated axons

• Sends out signals to the body

• Connects regions that send and receives signals

• Affects learning and focus abilities

Gray Matter

Cell bodies of neurons

• Unmyelinated axon (slower processes)

• Larger areas indicates higher intelligence

• Enables individuals to control movement, memory, and emotions

Brainstem (reptilian brain)

Oldest part of the brain and connects the brain to the SPINAL CORD

• Controls breathing, heart rate, digestion, and sleep

Cerebellum

Coordinates voluntary movements

• Maintains balance and posture

• Fine-tunes motor skills

• Muscle memory

Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain, making up the lobes

• Divided into left (Analytical) and right (Intuitive) hemispheres by longitudinal fissure

• Initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature

  

Frontal

What Lobe is This?

• Functions: Higher-level thinking and controlling some voluntary motor movement

• EX: Personality, memory, learning, planning, motivation, problem-solving

Parietal

What Lobe is This?

• Function: Somatosensory (senses)

• EX: Touch, pain, temperature, aching, awareness of somatic sensation, processing somatic sensation, proprioception (coordination of visual, auditory, and Somatosensory stimuli, and spatial/body awareness)

Temporal

What Lobe is This?

• Function: Auditory

• Stores memories

• EX: Awareness of auditory stimuli (Hearing sounds, pitch, frequency…) and processing auditory stimuli (analyzing, memory, and recognizing)

Occipital

What Lobe is This?

• Function: Visual

• EX: Awareness of visual stimuli (seeing objects) and processing visual stimuli (analyzing, recognizing, memory, shapes, colors sizes…)

1. Weighs 3 lbs

2. Contains 100B cells

3. feels no pain

4. Produces electricity

5. Develops back to front

What are the five facts of the brain?

Hippocampus

Located in the temporal lobes

• Functions: Memory formation, spatial navigation, and learning

Amygdala

Located within the temporal lobe

• Functions: Processing emotions and recognizing emotions in others

Thalamus

• Function: A relay system for sensory information; takes sensory information (except smell) to the cerebral cortex

Corpus callosum

Connects the left and right brain

• Function: allows for communication between the left and right hemispheres

Spinal Cord

A long bundle of never protected by the vertebrae

• Function: Carries never impulses back and forth between the body and brain

Somatic NS

• Functions: Helps you perceive the environment and react to it

  Ex: Picking up a cup, walking, knee reflex

Autonomic NS

• Function: Involuntary bodily functions

  EX: Breathing, heat beat, pupil dilation

Sympathetic NS

Fight or flight—confront or flee from danger

• Body’s natural response to stress

Parasympathetic

Rest and digest

• Helps you relax

Neuron

The functional and structural unit of the nervous system

• 3 types

  1. Afferent 2. Efferent 3. Inter-neurons

Afferent Neurons (Sensory)

• Function: Carry sensory information TO brain and spinal cord

• Sensory detection

Efferent Neurons (Motor)

• Function: Carry motor commands AWAY from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

Inter-neurons

• Function: Connects one neuron to another to transfer messages (middle man)

• ONLY in the CNS; originate or terminate In the brain or spinal cord

Dendrites

• Receptive region (receives input)

• Function: Receives the messages from another neuron

• Branch like fibers

Soma (Cell Body)

• Function: Houses the nucleus and organelles! Essential for the neuron's metabolic activities and processing information.

• Receptive region (receives input)

Axon

• Function: Transmits messages away from the cell body to other neurons or muscles.

• Conductive region

An extension of the cell body

Myelin Sheath

Fatty covering that wrap around the axon insulator

• Function: Protects and insulates the axons so message can travel quicker and efficiently

• Schwann cell makes the myelin sheaths

Nodes of Ranvier

The gaps between the myelin sheath

• Function: Speeds up the conduction/sped of message

Terminal Endings

The end of the axon where neurotransmitters are released and stored

• Function: Sends the signal to other neurons to communicate

• Transmissive region (transmits message out to neurons)

Synaptic Transmission

Movement of neural impulse across the synapse

• Gates are designed for specific neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters

A chemical message—At least 100 are known!

EX: Dopamine, serotonin, histamine, adrenaline, epinephrine

Hypothalamus

• Function: regulating various bodily functions

EX: hormone regulation, body temperature, thirst and hunger, emotional responses, and sleep-wake cycle

1. Receptive

2. Conductive

3. Transmissive

What are the three regions of a neuron?

Resting Potential

Membrane potential of a neuron that isn’t transmitting signals

• Negatively charged at this stage

Action Potential

When the total input of neurotransmitters reaches a threshold of -55mV

• Neuron fires an action potential

Glial Cells

Provide physical and chemical support to neurons and maintain their environment

• non-nerve cells