biology term 3 flash cards

Earth as a system

A system made up of different parts, called spheres, that interact with one another.

Atmosphere

The layer of gases surrounding Earth, providing oxygen, carbon dioxide, and regulating temperature.

Hydrosphere

All the water on Earth, existing in liquid, solid, or gas form.

Lithosphere

The rigid, solid outer part of Earth, consisting mainly of rocks and minerals.

Biosphere

The part of Earth where all living organisms exist, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.

Rock cycle

The continuous process through which rocks are formed, broken down, and changed into other types of rocks.

Igneous rocks

Rocks that form when molten rock (magma or lava) cools and solidifies.

Sedimentary rocks

Rocks that form from sediments deposited, compacted, and cemented together.

Metamorphic rocks

Rocks that form when existing rocks are changed by heat and pressure without melting.

Mining

The process of removing valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth’s crust.

Ores

Naturally occurring rocks or minerals that contain enough valuable material to be extracted economically.

Refining

The process of removing impurities from a mineral or metal to produce a purer substance.

Environmental effects of mining

Negative impacts on habitats, water and air quality, soil, and landscape caused by mining activities.

Economic benefits of mining

Positive impacts such as job creation, mineral supply for industries, economic contribution, and community support.