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Latent Learning
Learning that occurs in the absence of rewards and punishments but is not immediately reflected in behavior. It becomes apparent when a suitable motivation is present = hidden learning
Social-Cognitive Learning Theory
Emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a ‘model’ or by receiving verbal instructions, without firsthand experience by the observer = observational learning
cognitive map
mental representation of spatial characteristics of a familiar environment
Edward Tolman 1948 method
3 groups of rats placed in maze to test latent learning. All placed in maze once a day for 3 weeks
group a = goal box at end each day
group b = no goal box ever
group c = same as b until 11th day where goal box is introduced
Tolman 1948 results
a - learned quickly
b - appeared not to learn
c - appeared not to learn until food reward on 11th day then following performance equalled performance of a = latent learning
Albert Bandura Bobo doll study 1965
explored how children learn through observing behaviour of adults = observational learning
social learning
active cognitive processes construct mental representations of observed behaviour and its consequences = forms judgements about whether to reproduce observed behaviour
Bobo study method
3 groups of kids = all watched video of adult performing 4 distinct aggressive behaviours towards bobo doll
model rewarded - adult praised by another adult with lollies and soft drinks
model punished - adult scolded by another adult and spanked
no consequences - film ended after the 4 actions
Then each child placed in room with toys including bobo for 10 minutes and then experimenter entered and asked child to show the 4 actions by giving them lollies (incentive condition)
bobo study results
Boys were more likely to reproduce aggressive actions than girls regardless of consequences. Results of punished group was lower than other 2. In incentive condition results showed that punished group still learned behaviours same as other group = punished group suppressed knowledge based on understanding of consequences = learning remained latent in punished until asked to demonstrate