Chemistry-Unit 8A Solutions

Suspensions

-particles settle upon standing

-can be separation by filtration

-large particles

-gravity causes settling

Colloids

-particles do not settle upon standing

-particle size is intermediate

-Distinguished by tyndall effect and brownian motion

Foam

gas in liquid

Sold Foam

gas in solid

Liquid Emulsion

liquid in liquid

Gel

liquid in solid

Solid Aerosol

solid in gas (smog)

Liquid Aerosol

liquid in gas (perfume)

Sol

solid in liquid (glass)

Solid Sol

solid in solid

Tyndall Effect

Scattering of light by colloidal particles

-can be used to distinguish a colloid from a suspension

Brownian Motion

Chaotic movement of colloidal particles

-caused by collisions of medium particles and colloidal particles

Emulsion

Mixture of 2 insoluble liquids

Solute

Being dissolved

Solvent

Dissolves the solute

Electrolyte

Conducts electricity when dissolved in water

Nonelectrolyte

Dissolves in water, but does not conduct electricity

Strong Electrolytes

Substances that ionize completely

-Includes all strong acids, strong bases, and soluble ionic compounds

Weak Electrolytes

Ionize only partially

-Includes weak acids, weak bases, and insoluble ionic compounds

Solvation

Process of attraction and association of molecules of a solvent with molecules or ions of a solute

Dissociation

When molecules split into other things

Spectator Ions

Ions that do not take part in the chemical change

Saturated

Holds maximum amount of solute

-undissolved solute remains at bottom

Unsaturated

Solvent can still dissolve more

Supersaturated

Holds more than a saturated solution

-Raise temperature to dissolve more solute, then lower the temperature

-Solute remains dissolved

-Solvent is now holding more than it should at a new temperature

Miscible

2 or more liquids dissolve in each other

Immiscible

2 or more liquids will not dissolve in each other

Temperature and Solubility

-Solid solubility increases

-Gas solubility decreases

Pressure and Solubility

-Little effect on solubility of solids and liquids

-Strong influence on the solubility of gases

-Increased pressure=increased solubility

Henry’s Law

Solubility of a gas is directly proportional to the pressure