Suspensions
-particles settle upon standing
-can be separation by filtration
-large particles
-gravity causes settling
Colloids
-particles do not settle upon standing
-particle size is intermediate
-Distinguished by tyndall effect and brownian motion
Foam
gas in liquid
Sold Foam
gas in solid
Liquid Emulsion
liquid in liquid
Gel
liquid in solid
Solid Aerosol
solid in gas (smog)
Liquid Aerosol
liquid in gas (perfume)
Sol
solid in liquid (glass)
Solid Sol
solid in solid
Tyndall Effect
Scattering of light by colloidal particles
-can be used to distinguish a colloid from a suspension
Brownian Motion
Chaotic movement of colloidal particles
-caused by collisions of medium particles and colloidal particles
Emulsion
Mixture of 2 insoluble liquids
Solute
Being dissolved
Solvent
Dissolves the solute
Electrolyte
Conducts electricity when dissolved in water
Nonelectrolyte
Dissolves in water, but does not conduct electricity
Strong Electrolytes
Substances that ionize completely
-Includes all strong acids, strong bases, and soluble ionic compounds
Weak Electrolytes
Ionize only partially
-Includes weak acids, weak bases, and insoluble ionic compounds
Solvation
Process of attraction and association of molecules of a solvent with molecules or ions of a solute
Dissociation
When molecules split into other things
Spectator Ions
Ions that do not take part in the chemical change
Saturated
Holds maximum amount of solute
-undissolved solute remains at bottom
Unsaturated
Solvent can still dissolve more
Supersaturated
Holds more than a saturated solution
-Raise temperature to dissolve more solute, then lower the temperature
-Solute remains dissolved
-Solvent is now holding more than it should at a new temperature
Miscible
2 or more liquids dissolve in each other
Immiscible
2 or more liquids will not dissolve in each other
Temperature and Solubility
-Solid solubility increases
-Gas solubility decreases
Pressure and Solubility
-Little effect on solubility of solids and liquids
-Strong influence on the solubility of gases
-Increased pressure=increased solubility
Henry’s Law
Solubility of a gas is directly proportional to the pressure