Unit 3 + 4: Cells + Membrane Structure and Function

prokaryote classification

domain bacteria and archaea (biggest difference: no nucleus)

eukaryote classifcation

domain eukarya (protists, fungi, plants, animals)

parts of bacteria cell

nucleoid, bacterial chromosome, ribosome, plasma membrane, cell wall, capsule, flagella, fimbriae/pili

prokaryote distinguishing factors

no nucleus, DNA in nucleoid, cytosol/cytoplasm, no organelles besides ribosomes, small, primitive

eukaryote distinguishing factors

nucleus/nuclear envelope, cytosol/cytoplasm, membrane-bound organelles with specialized structure/function, larger + complex

bacteria reproduction

binary fission (10-30 mins) or budding (part breaks off) (both asexual reporduction)

nucleus

control center of cell that contains DNA and is surrounded by nuclear envelope

nucleolus

rregion where ribosomal subunits are formed

nuclear pores

control what enters/exists nucleus

chromatin

made of DNA and proteins and makes up chromosomes

ribosomes

does protein synthesis, made of rRNA and protein, has large and small subunit

free ribosomes

float in cytosol, produces proteins used within cell

bound ribosomes

attached to ER, make proteins for export from cell

endomembrane system

regulates lipid and protein modication by packaging and transporting, performs metabolic functions

endomembrane system contents

ER, golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, cell membrane, nuclear envelope

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

known as biosynthetic factory, is a network and has membranes and sacs

rough ER

ribosomes on surface; transports and packages proteins for secretion, sends transport vesicles to golgi, makes membranes

smooth ER

no ribosomes on surface; synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, detox drugs and poisons, and in muscles store Ca ion

golgi apparatus

produces lysosomes and packages lipids and proteins into vesicles and is a series of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae)

golgi cis face

receives vesicles

golgis trans face

ships vesicles

lysosomes

originate in golgi; intracellular digestion of macromolecules and pathogens, recycle cell materials, perform apoptosis (programmed cell death); contains hydrolytic enzymes, perfer acidic environment

vacuoles

stroage of materials (food, water, minerals, pigments, poisons), found in animal-like protists (one for food and one for water) and in plants (one large central)

start at mitochondria