Anatomy, Bioenergetics, and Sports Science Review

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering anatomy, biomechanics, exercise physiology, nutrition, and psychology based on lecture notes.

Axial Skeleton

Consists of Skull, Vertebral Column, Ribs, and Sternum.

Appendicular Skeleton

Shoulder girdle, bones of the arms and legs.

Fibrous Joints

Joints that allow for no movement (e.g sutures of skull).

Cartilaginous joint

Joints that allow for limited movement (e.g. intervertebral discs).

Synovial Joints

Joints that allow for considerable movement.

Epimysium

Outer most connective tissue of a muscle.

Perimysium

Connective tissue that surrounds the fasciculi (middle layer).

Endomysium

Connective tissue surrounding the sarcolemma (innermost layer).

Neuromuscular junction

The junction between a motor neuron and the muscle fiber it innervates.

Motor unit

A motor neuron and the muscle fiber it innervates.

Sarcoplasm

The cytoplasm of a muscle cell.

Sarcomere

The smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle.

Type I muscle fiber

High capacity for aerobic energy, limited force production, red in color.

Type II muscle fiber

Fatigable, low aerobic power, rapid force development, high anaerobic power (pink or white in color depending on subtype).

Muscle spindles

Proprioceptors that detect changes in length.

Golgi tendon organs

Proprioceptors that detect changes in tension.

Tricuspid valve

The valve that is located between the right atrium and ventricle.

Mitral valve

The valve between the left atrium and ventricle.

Sinoatrial node

The intrinsic pacemaker of the heart.

Atrioventricular node

Where the impulse is delayed before passing through the ventricles.

Atrioventricular bundle

Conducts the impulse to the ventricles.

Purkinje fibers

Conduct impulses to all parts of the ventricles.

Myocardium

Heart muscle.

Bradycardia

Heart rate less than $60\,bpm$ per minute.

Tachycardia

Heart rate more than $100\,beats\,per\,minute$.

P-Wave

On an EKG, it indicates Atrial Depolarization.

QRS complex

On an EKG, it indicates Ventricular depolarization.

T-wave

On an EKG, it indicates Ventricular Repolarization.

Arteries

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Capillaries

Facilitate exchange of oxygen, fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and fluids in the various tissues of the body.

1st Class Lever

A lever where the muscle force and resistive force are on opposite sides of the fulcrum.

2nd Class Lever

A lever class where the muscle and resistive force are on the same side of the fulcrum.

3rd Class Lever

A lever class where the muscle and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum but the moment arm of the resistive force is larger than that of the muscular force.

Moment arm

Perpendicular distance from the line of action to the fulcrum.

Mechanical Advantage

The ratio of the moment arm through which an applied force acts; typically represented by a ratio of $1$ or greater.

Mechanical disadvantage

Occurs if the mechanical advantage ratio is less than $1$, meaning more force needs to be produced.

Torque

The degree to which a force tends to rotate an object about a specific fulcrum.

Sagittal Plane

Plane that cuts body into left and right segments.

Frontal Plane

Plane that cuts body into anterior and posterior.

Transverse Plane

Plane that cuts body into proximal and distal parts.

Strength

The ability to exert force.

Acceleration

Change in velocity per unit of time.

Work

$\text{Force} \times \text{Displacement}$.

Power

$\frac{\text{Work}}{\text{Time}}$.

Pennate muscle

Muscle fibers that run obliquely to the tendon.

Concentric

Muscle action during which the muscle shortens.

Eccentric

Muscle action during which the muscle lengthens.

Isometric

Muscle stays the same length while taking on force.

Agonist

The muscle that is most directly involved in bringing about a movement.

Antagonist

A muscle that can slow and stop a movement, opposing the action of the agonist.

Origin

Proximal attachment of the muscle.

Insertion

Distal insertion of a muscle.

Synergist

Muscle that assists indirectly in a movement.

Bioenergetics

Flow of energy in a biological system concerning the conversion of carbs, fats, proteins into biologically usable forms of energy.

Catabolism

Breakdown of large molecules into smaller one, associated with the release of energy.

Anabolism

The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules accomplished by using the energy released from catabolic reactions.

Exergonic reaction

Energy releasing reaction, generally catabolic.

Endergonic reaction

Require energy and include anabolic processes and contraction of muscle.

Metabolism

The total of all catabolic and anabolic reactions in a biological system.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The body's energy currency, allowing transfer of energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions.

Adenosine Triphosphatase (ATPase)

The molecule that breaks down ATP in hydrolysis.

Myosin ATPase

The enzyme that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis for crossbridge cycling.

Anaerobic

Refers to processes that occur without oxygen.

Aerobic

Refers to processes that occur with oxygen.

Phosphagen (ATP-PC) System

Energy system that dominates in short duration, high intensity bouts of less than $10\,s$.

Creatine kinase

Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from CP and ADP.

Glycolysis

Breakdown of carbs- either stored glycogen in the muscle or glucose delivered in the blood- to resynthesize ATP.

Pyruvate

The byproduct of glycolysis.

Fatigue cause

The accumulation of hydrogen ions.

Gluconeogensis

Formation of carbohydrates from non-carb substrates.

Phosphorylation

Adding a phosphate group to a molecule.

Oxidative phosphorylation

The resynthesis of ATP in the electron transport chain.

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

The direct resynthesis of ATP from ADP during a single reaction in metabolic pathways.

Allosteric Inhibition

When an end product binds to the regulatory enzyme and decreases its turnover rate and slows production.

Allosteric activation

When an "activator" binds with an enzyme and increases its turnover rate.

PFK

The rate limiting step in glycolysis.

Lactate threshold (untrained)

Begins at $50-60\%$ of $VO2_{max}$ in untrained individuals.

Lactate threshold (trained)

Begins at $70-80\%$ of $VO2_{max}$ in trained individuals.

Oxidative system

The primary system that generates ATP at rest and dominates in activities lasting longer than $2\,minutes$.

Beta oxidation

A series of reactions where free-fatty acids are broken down to Actyl-CoA and enters the Krebs Cycle.

Oxygen Uptake

A person's ability to take in oxygen via respiratory system and deliver it to working tissues via the cardiovascular system.

Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

Oxygen uptake above resting values to restore the body to preexercise levels.

Interval Training

A method of training that utilizes predetermined intervals of exercise followed by rest periods.

Hormones

Chemical messengers or signal molecules that are synthesized, stored, and released in the blood by endocrine glands.

Endocrine glands

Structures specialized in secreting hormones.

Neuroendocrinology

Study of the interaction between the nervous and endocrine systems.

Intracrine/Autocrine

Mechanisms that act upon the cell itself by binding to intracellular and membrane receptors.

Paracrine mechanism

Secretion of hormones that will interact with adjacent cells without moving into blood circulation.

Anabolic hormones

Hormones that promote building tissue.

Catabolic hormones

Hormones that breakdown tissue.

Lock-and-Key Theory

The principle that hormones interact only with specific receptors.

Downregulation

The inability of a hormone to interact with a specific receptor.

Steriod hormones

Fat soluble hormones that passively diffuse across the cell membrane.

Polypeptide hormones

Made up of chains of amino acids, not fat soluble and cannot cross the cell membrane.

Amine hormones

Synthesized from the amino acids tyrosine or tryptophan, binding to membrane receptors via secondary messengers.

Cortisol

Hormone catabolic to skeletal muscle with a higher effect on Type II muscle fibers.

Catecholamines

The main ones include epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

Size principle

Motor units are recruited in an ascending order according to their recruitment thresholds and firing rates (smallest to largest).

Selective recruitment

The ability to activate higher threshold motor units first in some scenarios.