Human Development Exam 1

Overarching themes

1) only constant-change

2) involves both incremental and qualitative changes

3) multifaceted beings

4) nature/nurture intertwined

5) we have agency

6) mimetic beings

7) sometimes in development particularly important

8) both similar and dissimilar to others

a) cohorts form

b) unique life events

9) narrative beings

Urie Bronfenbrenner’s theory

Ecological systems theory—

Systems/structures that influence development

Ecology—study of interaction between organisms and environment

Interaction between child (nature) and environment (nurture)

Assumptions—

• we/environment change each moment

• development is transactional

• growth—understanding grows, complexity

3 components of EST

1) person

2) proximal processes

3) contexts (5 types)

Person

psychological attributes that influence experience

Proximal processes

frequent, long term, increasingly complex activities

contexts

a) microsystem—proximal processes occur—relationships, roles

b) mesosystem—connections between microsystems

c) exosystem—settings that don’t involve developing person, affect them

d) macrosystem—sociocultural influences—beliefs, practices

e) chronosystem—time—historical context

ACEs

Adverse childhood experiences. Children need stability.

Household dysfunction

1) parent mental illness

2) domestic violence

3) parental addiction

4) incarcerated household members

5) parental divorce, separation, death

Neglect

6) physical neglect

7) emotional neglect

Abuse

8) physical abuse

9) sexual abuse

10) emotional abuse

Pyramid

1) ACEs impact neurobiological development; leads to

2) deficit in cognitive skills; leads to

3) short term coping; leads to

4) increased risk of chronic disease/social problems; leads to

5) premature death

PACEs

Protective And Compensatory Experiences—promote resilience

1) someone loves child unconditionally

2) best friend

3) helps others/volunteers

4) regularly involved with physical sport/physical activity

5) active member of civic group (youth group)

6) engaging hobby (artistic, intellectual pastime)

7) has an adult they can trust

8) child’s home is typically clean, safe, organized with resources

9) school facilitates learning

10) home rules clear, structured

Lifetime Adversity and Resilience

good challenge, bounce back

Attachment

closer emotional tie between infant and caregiver

Freud/psychoanalytic view

biological need for nourishment

Harry Harlow contact comfort theory

Intended to prove Freud

Monkeys—two mothers, one soft.

Monkeys need comfort

Need love/intimacy/touch

Testing infant caregiver

Ainsworth Strange situation experiment

Secure base, explore world

Stranger—general wariness, sadness at separation.

Every culture beginning 5 months