4/8 quiz- Zn, Manganese, Chromium, Fluoride

Which component is NOT an enhancer of zinc absorption?

a. Low pH

b. Organic acids

c. Low Zn status

d. Polyphenols

e. Proteins

d. Polyphenols

Which of the following correctly matches the zinc-containing enzyme and its function?

a. Carbonic anhydrase breaks down alcohol to aldehyde

b. Alkaline dehydrogenase carries carbon dioxide in red blood cells and kidney

c. Carboxypeptidase A digests the carboxylic acid end of the protein

d. Superoxide dismutase acts as a precursor for heme

e. Delta amino levulinic acid dehydratase acts as an antioxidant

c. Carboxypeptidase A digests the carboxylic acid end of the protein

3. Which of the following is a function of zinc?

a. Component of chlorophyll

b. Constituent of heme

c. Integrity of skin

d. Antioxidant

e. Generation of energy

c. Integrity of skin

Explain how zinc is related to host defense and immunity. What happens to trace minerals during an infection and why?

Zinc promotes the differentiation and proliferation of T cells and is important for cell survival. During an infection, plasma Zn and Fe decrease, as these are sequestered in the liver to reduce availability to bacteria and viruses; plasma Cu increases as this mineral is utilized as a defense mechanism by white blood cells

What are the symptoms of a zinc deficiency? What treatment are used for which symptoms in which populations?

Zinc deficiency causes impaired hair growth, alopecia (hair loss), dermatitis, and lack of sexual maturation in males. Zinc oxide, the active ingredient in various creams like diaper cream/butt paste cures severe rashes and dermatitis caused by zinc deficiency. Zinc supplements improved lack of sexual maturation and growth in zinc-deficient males

How was zinc deficiency discovered? Why was this study only conducted in male participants? What are the symptoms associated with the deficiency?

Zinc deficiency in humans was discovered in Iran in the 1970s. Female participants were excluded from the study, and the study was limited to examining males up to 21 years old. Short stature, alopecia, and underdeveloped sexual organs were the symptoms

Explain the relationship between copper deficiency and zinc toxicity. What symptoms might result from a zinc toxicity?

Zinc competes with copper when binding to transferrin, leading to a copper deficiency. Metallic taste, stomach pain, abdominal cramps, and bloody diarrhea may result from a zinc toxicity

What is unique about the absorption of zinc, as compared to other minerals?

???

What is a zinc finger? Explain its importance in biology.

Zinc fingers aid in the synthesis of DNA/RNA. They bind to promotor regions of selected genes to enhance or repress transcription, react with DNA sequences (MREs) to make proteins, interact with mRNA to repress translation, and are present in 3% of genes.

Which populations are at risk for zinc deficiencies and why?

Elderly, vegans, and preschool students due to low zinc levels in blood. People with alcoholism, chronic illness/stress, trauma, surgery, malabsorption, short bowel syndrome, and alcoholic liver disease have higher needs. ???

Which of the following does not enhance chromium absorption?

a. Vitamin C

b. Prostaglandin inhibitors

c. Alkaline environments

d. Aspirin

e. Picolinate

c. Alkaline environments

Which of the following is NOT a possible outcome of Manganese toxicity?

a. Parkinson’s Disease

b. Hallucinations

c. Violence

d. Hyperirritability

e. Alzehimer’s Disease

Alzehimer’s Disease

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of manganese toxicity in the pathology of the Central Nervous

System?

a. Hyperirritability

b. Violence

c. Hallucinations

d. Libido problems

e. Vision loss

Vision loss

Which of the following is not a function of manganese?

a. Bone strength

b. Cartilage formation

c. Connective tissue synthesis

d. Provides central nervous system functions

e. Skin integrity

Skin integrity

What are the different sources of manganese toxicity and how do these occur?

Currently, there is no evidence of manganese toxicity from the diet. Manganese toxicity can occur from inhalation of Mn dust from welding, working in mines (Chile), and working in dry cell battery factories (India). Additionally, contaminated wells can contribute to manganese toxicity.

Describe the role of chromium in insulin signaling.

Cr3+ binds to transferrin, which then binds to the receptor on the cell. It is then released into the cell and four ions bind with chromodulin, increasing kinase activity of the beta subunit of the insulin receptor.

Explain what fluorosis is and what it causes. Does this occur in Austin?

Fluorosis is an excess intake of fluoride during childhood that causes white lines, brown flecks, and stains on teeth. This occurs when the concentration of fluoride is 8 ppm in water, so it does not occur in Austin because the water is only 0.7 ppm.

Describe how manganese deficiency may present in rats.

Rats will develop ataxia, which prevents them from bringing their head forward in proper posture. Additionally, they lose the righting reflex, due to defects in their inner car. The right reflex is the ability to land on one’s feet after falling or finding the way to the top of water when submerged

Describe the distribution, absorption, and transportation of chromium. What is unusual about chromium in comparison to other minerals?

Chromium is concentrated in the liver, spleen, soft tissue, and bone. Chromium is absorbed through passive diffusion or carrier-mediated transporter and/or endocytosis. Most of Cr3+ binds with transferrin in blood or albumin and globulins for transport. Chromium levels in tissue declines with age.

What are the pros and cons of drinking fluoridated water?

Fluorinated water can reduce tooth decay by forming harder teeth and possibly reducing the risk of bone fractures. However, fluorinated water can lead to fluorosis, which appears as white lines, flecks, and brown stains on the teeth. Levels of fluoridated water higher than 1.5 ppm have been associated with lower IQ in children

Why is fluoride not an effective treatment for osteoporosis?

While fluoride may increase bone mineral density, high levels of fluoride in osteoporosis treatment can lead to extremely hard and brittle bones that may increase fracture risk. In addition, excess fluoride can lead to skeletal fluorosis with symptoms of joint stiffness, brittle bones, muscle wasting, and neurological defects.

What are some dental sources of fluoride? Give the amount unusually provided in the most common source. How does fluoride help the prevention of dental cavities?

Dental sources of fluoride include toothpaste and mouth rinses. Toothpaste provide 2.3 mg F/0.25 tsp application. Fluoride helps reduce dental cavities by replacing hydroxide ions in hydroxyapatite to form fluorohydroxyapatite, which increases mineralization of the crystalline structure and increases resistance of tooth enamel to acid demineralization.