Block 1: foundations, spinal vertebrae, SNS, ANS, back, glutes, hip, thigh, leg, knee

according to study guide

frontal/coronal plane movements

splits ant & post portions of body; lat flexion, abd/add, protract/retract, invert/evert, ulnar & radial deviation

sagittal plane movements

splits R & L portions of body; flex/ext, dorsiflex/plantar flex, elevation/depression

transverse plane movements

splits sup & inf portions of body & observed from feet to head; rotation, forearm supine/prone

median plane

sagittal plane in the middle of the body

circumduction

combo of flex, abd, extl rot, ext, add, and intl rot sequentially

axial skeleton

bones of skull, ear ossicles, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, & sacrum

appendicular skeleton

bones of limbs, shoulders, pelvic girdle

classification of bones by shape

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid bones

classifications of joints by structural articulation

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial joints

fibrous joints

united by fibrous tissue; partial/no movement

EX: cranial sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

cartilaginous joints

primary/synchondroses (slightly bendable hyaline cart); 2ndary/symphyses (strong & slightly moveable fibrocart)

synovial joints

joint capsule w/ synovial fluid, reinforced by accessory ligaments, articular discs/menisci; hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket, plane types

muscles can only act on joints they ___

cross

muscle doesn’t need to do it’s action on ___ planes at one time

all

to figure out what a muscle does, consider its …

attachments, joints crossed, and planes

vetebral column main functions

support, mobility, protection

primary curvature

due to height differenes b/n ant & post parts of vertebrae; kyphotic in thoracic, sacral, & coccygeal regions

secondary curvature

due to thickness differences b/n ant & post parts of IV discs; lordotic in cervical & lumbar regions

scoliosis

lateral curvature deformity >10 deg of vertebral column in frontal plane; more common in females & thoracolumbar region; idiopathic, congenital, or neuromuscular

Scheuermann’s deformity

incr thoracic kyphosis, rigid; doesn’t correct when pt stands tall or bends forward; occurs when ant of vertebrae grow slower → wedge-shaped vertebrae

dowager hump, an ___ kyphosis, may lead to repeated ___ fractures in elderly

acquired; compression

osteoporosis on vertebral column

vertical striation in vertebral bodies → loss of striation in trabecular bone (more transparent) & thinning but prominent cortical bone → collapse of vertebral bodies (wedged, planar, biconcave) → excessive kyphosis

typical vertebral bony landmarks

body, pedicle, lamina, pars interarticularis, vertebral foramen, 1 spinous process, 2 transverse processes, 4 articular spinous proceses

cervical vertebrae

7 vertebrae; smallest & lightest vertebrae; C1-C2 are atypical to support cranium; wider body, short & bifid spinous process (except C7), large & triangular,transverse foramen

uncovertebral joints (of Lushka)

small, synovial joint-like structures b/n unci of C3-C7 vertebral bodies

thoracic vertebrae

12 vertebrae; costal facets & demifacets, heart-shaped vertebral body, circular vertebral foramen, long spinous process

lumbar vertebrae

5 vertebrae; small accessory processes for intertransversarii muscle attachments, massive body & transverse processes, largest & thickest, oval vertebral body, short & square spinous process

vertebral arteries run through the ___ of the cervical spine

foramen

spondylolysis

fracture along pars interarticularis of lamina; typically L4/L5/S1 region

spondylolisthesis

ant displacement of spondylolysis affected vertebra

spondylolytis

bacterial inflammation of vertebral column

spondylosis

wear & tear of vertebral colum & IV disks

lumbar spinal stenosis

narrowing of vertebral foramen in 1+ vertebrae; hereditary anamoly

spina bifida occulta

common birth defect of vertebral column; neural arches of L5/S1 fail to develop & fuse; concealed by skin & a tuft of hair

spina bifida cystica

herniated of spinal meninges and/or spinal cord

sacrum

5 fused vertebrae; shapes post wall of pelvis; sacral promontory; ant & post foramina for exit of nerve branches

coccyx

3-5 fused vertebrae; forms tailbone inf to sacrum

IV discs

fibrocart ring (annulus fibrosus) surrounding collagen nucleus pulposus; distributes compressive & tensile load; can herniate typically at C5-C7, L4-S1 joints & compress that nerve root one segment below it

zygapophyseal (facet) joints

plane synovial articulations of post portion of vertebrae → gliding movements

spinal nerves as they emerge

C1-C7 emerge sup to corresponding vertebrae; C8-S5 emerg inf to corresponding vertebrae