Lecture 7

ADHD

similar, 5

The prevalence of ADHD is _______ worldwide but the use of mediation to treat ADHD is ___ times higher in North America than the rest of the world

• impairment

• peers

• School

• Mortality

The presence of ADHD is associated with:

• Marked _______

• Problems with ______

• ______ failure

• ______

categorical

→ dimensional

DSM treats ADHD as _______, whether you have it or not

→ BUT research evidence suggests it’s on a spectrum, _______

understanding

DSM criteria shape our _______ of ADHD

• parent, teacher

• children

Rating scales and interviews assessing ADHD:

• Often use ______ and ______ reports to assess the presence of symptoms across _______

• Often don’t directly ask ______ because they are unreliable + tend to underreport their symptoms

• attention

• seated

A semi-structured interview like the KSADS assesses:

1. Youth’s difficulty sustaining ______ on tasks or play activities

2. Youth’s difficulty remaining _______

Primarily

→ combined

When you look at parent or teacher report alone, you see _______ diagnoses of ADHD

→ When parent and teacher report are combined using the “or” rule, many of those cases become _______

That there are different causes

There are many different presentations of ADHD, which implies what?

• correlated

• dimension

• internal

• test-retest

• stability

Cognitive disengagement syndrome symptoms:

• Are highly ______ with each other

• Form a distinct ______ of symptoms from those comprising other disorders

• Are internally consistent so high ______ reliability

• Show reasonable _____-______ reliability over short time periods

• Have significant _______ and invariance over long periods

5-9%

About how many (%) school-age children in North American are diagnosed with ADHD?

• 3.4%

• 0.8%

• 1.8%

Prevalence of ADHD subtypes among the population:

• ADHD-PI → ___%

• ADHD-HI → ___%

• ADHD-C → ___%

normative

There are cultural and contextual differences in ADHD because hyperactivity can be seen as more or less ________ in different places

SES, poverty

Low _________ is a risk factor for ADHD because it’s more prevalent among children living in ______

Boys

→ ADHD-HI and ADHD-C

• ADHD-PI girls are less disturbing so more often undiagnosed

• ADHD-HI boys are more disturbing so more likely to be diagnosed

______ are more likely to be diagnosed with all subtypes of ADHD, but the gap is wider for which subtypes? Why?