"That's sick af" - Andrew Jackson
Dependent variable
The variable affected by the independent variable.
Control group
The group in which the experiment is not applied to.
Random sampling
When a sample is selected at random to reduce possible biases.
Longitudinal study
A study which observes subjects over a long period of time.
Correlation
As one variable increases, the other increases.
Negative correlation
As one variable increases the other decreases.
Experimental method
Explores cause and effect by manipulating one or more factors..
Random assignment
When samples are assigned to random testing groups.
Standard deviation
The average distance from a point to the mean value of a set of points. (Higher range = higher deviation)
Ethics
Privacy, Protection, Confidentiality, Withdrawal, Consent, Freedom from deception, Debrief.
Myelin sheath
Protects the axon and allows for a faster signal to be sent.
All-or-none response
A neuron either fires or it doesn’t
Endorphins
Inhibitory Reduces Pain
Agonist
Mimic the shape of a neurotransmitter in order to elicit a response by attaching to the receptors that neurotransmitters cling onto.
Sympathetic nervous system
Fight and flight
Magnetic resonance imaging
Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create an image which helps determine structure.
Right hemisphere
emotional, visual, creative, simple requests.
Frontal lobe
Judgment, new memories, speaking, and personality.
Temporal lobe
Faces and auditory comprehension, Werenke’s area: Speech production
Parietal lobe
Sensory input is processed here
Sensory cortex (most/least sensitive areas)
area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.
Thalamus
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum
medulla
Base of the Brainstem control heart rate and breathing
Limbic system
Controls emotions such as fear and aggression
Reticular formation/activating system
a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
The endocrine system
creates long-term effects using different glands, which in turn produce Hormones through the bloodstream.
Twin studies
used to assess the relative contributions of heredity and environment to some attribute.
Natural Selection
The idea coined by Charles Darwin states that the biological and physical traits that lead to an organism's increased survival and reproduction will be the traits that will eventually be passed onto future generations.
Rooting reflex
is an innate reflex where the baby turns its mouth towards where its face is touched.
Sensorimotor (Birth - 2)
views the world through senses, lack of obj permanence, stranger anxiety, Schema Development
Preoperational (2-7)
Development of language, egocentrism, theory of mind, animism, artificialism, developing understanding of literal and figurative language.
Concrete (7-11)
conservation and reversal
Formal (11- infinity)
abstract and hypothetical thinking.
Object permanence
The ability to know an object exists despite it being out of direct line of sight.
Assimilation
New object is put in an already existing schema.
Harry Harlow
Wires vs blanket experiment: Nourishment did not lead to attachment, but instead comfort and touch did.
Mary Ainsworth
Strange situation experiment. Children were left in a room alone with a stranger after the parents returned. Highlighted different types of Attachment.
Authoritarian Parent Style
command with no explanation or reasoning => Low Self Esteem
Permissive Parent Style
Loose and lacks demands => Immature child
Authoritative Parent Style
Explanations of why rules in place, allows for some conflict in regards to rules => Higher Self Esteem
Kohlberg: Preconventional
Obidence to avoid punishment or gain reward, reciprocity.
Kohlberg: Conventional
Follows laws, wants to be socially approved of and avoid social disapproval, honor vs guilt
Kohlberg: Postconventional
Universal agreed principals, might see some rules as “improper”. Some rules can be broken.
Erkison: Trust v. Mistrust
Needs affection for secure attachment. Neglect leads to trust issues
Erksion: Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt
Independence and control (potty training). Leads to confidence and independence.
Erikson: Initiative v. Guilt
Social development, lack of social interaction leads to lower confidence
Erkison: Industry v. inferiority
competence and self-esteem, lack of sense of competence may lead to esteem issues.
Erkison: Identity v. Role confusion
Role and identity formation, failure leads to weak sense of self.
Erkison: Intimacy and Isolation
development of strong relationships, lack of can lead to isolation.
Erkison: Generative & Stagnation
Create and nurture outlasting things (family). Success leads to feelings of usefulness.
Erkison: Ego Identity v.despair
reflection on life
Continuity vs. stages
The continuity theory says that development is a gradual, continuous process. On the other hand, the discontinuity theory says that development occurs in a series of distinct stages.
Absolute threshold
Minimum amount of stimulation to trigger a response 50% of the time.
Difference threshold
The minimum difference between two stimuli for a person to notice a distiction.
Priming
a technique in which the introduction of one stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus.
Sensory adaptation
Diminishing sensitivity to a repeating stimulus.
Order of Vision
Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Lens, Retina, Optic Nerve
Vision: Corena
Outer layer
Vision: Iris
Controls amount of light in eye
Vision: Pupil
Light enters through
Vision: Lens
Changes shape to focus light on the retina
Vision: Retina
Sensitive to light and contains photo receptors
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Vision: Rods
Peripheral vision, dim light seeing, reduced color sensitivity
Vision: Cones
Center of the fovea and assist in color seeing.
Vision: Optic Nerve
Sends signals to the thalamus and to the visual cortex.
Accommodation
is the changing of the shape of the lens to focus light to the retina.
Color blindness
Loss of certain receptors relating to opponent process and Tri-Color theory
Opponent-process theory
Receptors see colors in pairings (Red & Green, Blue & Yellow, White & Black)
Order of Hearing
Auditory canal, Eardrum, Cochela, Oval Window, Basilar membrane
Hearing: Eardrum
vibrates to sound
Hearing: Cochela
transduces sound through the tiny bones and hair cells
Hearing: Basilar membrane
Contains hair cells
Gate-control theory
Spinal chords have “gates” where pain can flow through.
Taste receptors
Contain different receptors for different tastes
Frequency
High frequency = higher pitch, higher amplitude = higher volume.
Semicircular canals
Fluid-filled and assist with the vestibular sense.
Selective attention
Ability to only pay attention to one aspect of a stimulus at a time.
Gestalt
Organization of information to form a whole.
Closure
Tendency for a person to fill in the gaps in an object.
Eleanor Gibson/visual cliff
Highlighted how depth perception is an innate skill born in infants.
Binocular Cue: Retinal disparity
images from eyes differ.
Binocular Cue: Convergence
Eyes move towards each other as an object appears closer
Monocular Cue: Relative Size
Further obj appears smaller due to a smaller retinal image despite being the same size
Monocular Cue: Interpositon
Objs that occlude others are seen as closer.
Monocular Cue: Relative clarity
light from further objects appears hazy.
Monocular Cue: Texture Gradient
Objects with less more fine textures are perceived to be farther away.
Phi phenomenon
Flashing lights at a certain speed makes it appear as if a single light is moving.
Size constancy
a cognitive mechanism that allows us to perceive an object as having the same size even when seen at different distances.
Circadian rhythm
our internal clock, controlling our temperature and wakefulness in 24-hour cycles.
REM sleep
the stage of sleep in which we dream. As the name suggests, our eyes move rapidly in different directions while in this stage. Beta Waves, pseudo sleep
Classical conditioning
The process of repeatedly pairing an original (unconditioned) stimulus, which naturally produces a reflexive (unconditioned) response, with a new (neutral) stimulus, such that the new stimulus produces the same response.