The Nervous System and Brain - Fill in the Blank Practice

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering ontogeny/phylogeny, neural development, brain structures, functions, and imaging concepts.

The study of how nervous system changes across evolution is called __.

phylogeny

The development of the nervous system in one individual is called __.

ontogeny

The process in which ectoderm thickens to form neural tissue is called __.

neural induction

The neural tube extends in the __ direction (head -> tail).

rostral-caudal

Spina bifida occurs when the __ end doesn't close properly.

caudal

If the __ end doesn't close properly, severe brain malformation called anencephaly may occur.

rostral

Cephalization is the development of the _.

head

By day 50 of gestation, they divide into six (secondary vesicles).

secondary vesicles

The lining of the neural tube is the .

neuroepithelium

The neuroepithelium produces - immature cells that give rise to neurons and glia.

neuroblasts

Neuroblasts generate all neurons and cells of the CNS.

glial

The neural crest gives rise to the nervous system.

peripheral

The neural crest migrates to form the nervous system.

peripheral

The somatic nervous system consists of cranial nerves (12 pairs) and nerves (31 pairs).

spinal

The somatic nervous system is and conscious.

voluntary

The autonomic nervous system has two divisions that maintain homeostasis: the nervous system.

sympathetic

The other division is the nervous system.

parasympathetic

During stress, the division is activated and releases adrenaline.

sympathetic

The parasympathetic system promotes 'rest and digest' and slows the rate.

heart

The cerebrum (Telencephalon) is a large structure with surface features called and sulci.

gyri

The cortex is divided into two ; each has four lobes.

hemispheres

The four lobes are Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and .

Temporal

The primary motor cortex is located in front of the central sulcus on the gyrus.

precentral

Magnification in the motor cortex causes the representation of fingers, lips, and thumbs to be larger on the cortex, known as the motor .

homunculus

Broca's area is involved in production.

language

Damage to Broca's area causes Broca's aphasia.

aphasia

Wernicke's area is involved in language and is located in the temporal lobe beneath the lateral fissure.

comprehension

Input to the primary visual cortex comes from the retina via the (LGN).

LGN

The occipital lobe is primarily responsible for .

vision

The boundary below the temporal lobe is marked by the sulcus.

lateral sulcus

The primary somatosensory cortex is located on the postcentral gyrus of the lobe.

parietal

The secondary somatosensory cortex inside the parietal lobe is in charge of .

taste

The hippocampus is involved in .

memory

The thalamus acts as a relay station for signals.

sensory

The hypothalamus regulates endocrine hormones via the gland.

pituitary

The midbrain includes the superior and inferior ; the superior handles vision, the inferior handles sound.

colliculi

The substantia nigra is involved in ; its degeneration is linked to Parkinson's disease.

movement

The reticular formation is involved in arousal, sleep, and body .

temperature

The hindbrain includes the pons and medulla; the cerebellum is also part of the hindbrain and coordinates and balance.

movement

In the brain, gray matter is on the outside while white matter is on the inside; in the spinal cord, white matter is on the and gray matter is on the inside.

outside

Dorsal roots carry input; ventral roots carry output.

sensory

The corpus callosum connects the two .

hemispheres

Split-brain patients show that each hemisphere processes the opposite side of the body and can perform tasks with less competition; this demonstrates the role of the two in coordination.

hemispheres

The thalamus acts as a relay station for signals.

sensory

The primary visual cortex processes visual input via the LGN from the retina; LGN stands for the geniculate nucleus.

lateral

The four cerebral lobes are the Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and .

Temporal

The study of changes in the brain using imaging methods such as PET, MRI, EEG, and DOI is part of neuroimaging.

neuroimaging

DOI (diffuse optical imaging) uses infrared light to detect blood oxygen levels or directly measure neuron activity; it can provide both spatial and temporal .

resolution