Biology 2: Reproduction

During the [cell cycle phase], cells synthesize mRNA and proteins

G1 phase

• this is to prepare for subsequent steps leading to mitosis

• g1 stands for “Ga 1”

A cell will enter [cell cycle phase] if it does not need to divide

the G0 phase

At the [...] checkpoint, cells choose whether or not to divide

the G1 checkpoint

p53 is in charge

DNA is replicated in the [cell cycle phase]

S phase

• s= synthesis phase

In the [cell cycle phase], cells grow and make organelles

g2 phase

At the [...] checkpoint, the cell will check that the DNA has replicated correctly

G2 checkpoint

Mitosis and cytokinesis occur in the [cell cycle phase]

M phase

The four phases of Mitosis:

[...]

[...]

[...]

[...]

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

• PMAT

• note: interphase precedes mitosis, it is not apart of mitosis

Interphase includes [cell cycle phases]

G1, S, ang G2 phases

• phases where the cell spends most of its life

In [mitosis phase], the DNA condenses, centrioles migrate to opposite poles, and microtubules form

prophase

In [mitosis phase], chromosomes meet in middle of the cell

metaphase

metaphase =”meet in middle” at the metaphase plate

In [mitosis phase], sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

anaphase

anaphase=apart

In [mitosis phase], chromosomes decondense, the nuclear membrane forms, and cytokinesis occurs

telophase

The number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell is referred to as the [...] of a cell

ploidy

The phases of meiosis:

[...]

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I

Prophase II

Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Telophase II

 

PMAT x 2

[...] is when sister chromatids don’t separate properly during anaphase

nondisjunction

• results in aneuploidy

  

[...]is when two chromosomes of a homologous pair exchange segments with each other

crossing over

Crossing over occurs in [meiosis phase]

Prophase I

[...] states that two alleles of each gene become separated and only one allele from each parent will be passed to the offspring

the law of segregation

The law of segregation occurs in [meiosis phase]

anaphase I

Female chromosome pairs are [XX or XY] 

xx

Male chromosome pairs are [XX or XY] 

xy

[...] refers to genetic conditions associated with mutations in genes on the X chromosome

x-linked recessive inheritance

In males with an X-linked recessive mutation, the mutation [will or will not] be expressed 

will

• this is because males only have one x chromosome

In females with an X-linked recessive mutation, the mutation [will or will not] be expressed 

will not

• females have two x chromosomes, so the mutation is carried but not expressed. the normal x chromosomes will be expressed because this is a recessive trait

The [gene] is responsible for initiation of male sex determination and codes for testicles

SRY gene

• sorry your a male

Semen is a combination of [...] and [...]

sperm and seminal fluid

The [...] makes viscous fluid to clean out the urethra 

bulbourethral gland

[...] and the [...] make alkaline fluid to help sperm survive the acidic environment of the female reproductive tract

seminal vesicles and prostate gland

Pathway of sperm during ejaculation:

seven (N) up

The [...] have follicles that produce ova

ovaries

[...] is the production of female gametes 

oogenesis

[Hormone] develops the female reproductive tract and thickens the uterine wall

estrogen

• estrogen estabiles and progesterone protects the endometrium

• estrogen response to FSH

[...] maintains and protects the endometrium

progesterone

• estrogen establish and progesterone protects the endometrium

• progesterone respond to LH

Female egg pathway:

[...]

note: if unfertilized, the egg will leave thruough the cerivix and vgina, otherwise it implant into the uterus as an embryo

[...] induces ovulation in females and, in males, it initiates the production of testosterone

luteinizing Hormone (LH)

GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release [...] and [...]

FSh and LH

• gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Fertilization occurs in the [...]

fallopian tube