AP Euro Full Topic 2

Primogeniture

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land.

House of Lords

the upper house of the British parliament whose members are members of the Peerage (established nobility)

House of Commons

Lower House of Parliament including wealthy landowners and rich business leaders that represent the middle class and are elected to office

patriarchal

relating to a society in which men hold the greatest legal and moral authority

dowry

money or property brought by a woman to her husband at marriage

La Querelle des Femmes

Literally, "the question of women," a literary debate which began amongst intellectual elites and religious leaders around 1500 about the nature and status of women

Black Death

A deadly plague that swept through Europe, first between 1347 and 1351 and multiple outbreaks after through the 1600s.

Carnival

a festival marked by merrymaking and processions that happens just before the season of Lent.

penance

voluntary self-punishment in order to atone for (make up for) some wrongdoing or sin.

blood sports

Events such as bull-baiting, bear-baiting and cockfighting that involved inflicting violence and bloodshed on animals and that were popular entertainment with European masses. (grrr)

Charivari

Degrading public rituals (often a parade where the offender rides backwards on a donkey) used by village communities to police personal behavior and maintain moral standards. Often done on a man whose wife had cheated on him.

stocks

public punishment where offender sat on a bench with ankles closed in holes for several hours while passers-by threw garbage at them.

pillory

public punishment where offender stood with hands and head locked in a wooden bar for hours while passers-by threw garbage at them.

pranger

public punishment where an offender's neck and feet were chained together, leaving them standing in an uncomfortable half kneeling position for hours.

flogging

Also called whipping, a public punishment where an offender is beaten with a whip, usually accompanying being chained to pillory. The event attracted many spectators.

branding

Searing of the skin with a mark that indicates a person does not believe in the same things as the community, or committed a terrible crime or sin.

maleficium

harm believed to be caused by Witches in their attempt to please the Devil.

Malleus Maleficarum

German book published in 1487 outlining the nature and appearance of witches. Became the go-to book for determining guilt in a Witchcraft Trial.

Laura Cereta

A radical feminist in her time (1469-1499) who had enough education to write about her ideas. She defended women's right and ability to be scholars. She wrote a series of letters defending this.

peerage

Lords or Ladies, with a nobility rank that is higher than knighthood

vernacular bibles

Bibles written in the common language of the people, rather than Latin.

Puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church by getting rid of of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

New Testament

The second part of the Christian Bible, containing descriptions of the life and teachings of Jesus and of his early followers

Old Testament

first part of the Bible that is about the early history of the Jews and Judaism

Elizabethan Settlement

The attempt by Elizabeth to settle England's religious problems through compromise

Thirty-nine Articles

The official statement of the beliefs of the Church of England. They established a moderate form of Protestantism and created the Anglican Church

Concordat of Bologna

Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope and obtained the right for the government to nominate all French bishops and abbots (1516)

Schmalkaldic Wars

Wars in 1540s between Catholic Charles V and the Protestant German princes

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

Schmalkaldic League

Protestant alliance formed by Lutherans against the Catholic Holy Roman Empire/Charles V.

Cuius regio, eius religio

Whose realm, his religion--basic idea behind Peace of Augsburg

Catherine de' Medici

The wife of Henry II of France, who exercised political influence after the death of her husband and during the rule of her weak sons, instigating several religious conflicts in France.

Henry of Navarre

Leader of Huguenot forces during French Religious wars and head of Bourbon family. Became Henry IV, first Bourbon monarch.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572.

Henry III

son of Henry II of France and the last Valois to be king of France, killed in War of the Three Henrys

War of the Three Henrys

This was the last of the wars that occurred over the religious differences in France, between the Catholics (Henry III of France and Henry of Guise) and Protestants (Henry of Navarre)

Henry IV

(1589-1610) - Formerly Henry of Navarre; ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism. First Bourbon family monarch.

Edict of Nantes

Issued by Henry IV, granted religious freedom to the Huguenots in France--said you caaan't hurt the protestaaaants in fraaaaance.

religious pluralism

an attitude or policy regarding the diversity of religious belief systems co-existing in society

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor during Reformation. Abdicated in 1555 and split his empire, giving his son Spain and the Americas and his Brother the HRE.

Ottoman Empire

A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922. Threatened Europe, especially the HRE in 1500s.

Thirty Years War

last religious war between Catholics and Protestants in Europe that devastated the region that is now Germany

Cardinal Richelieu

Regent for Louis XIII in France. Weakened power of Protestants in France while secretly supporting Protestants against the Holy Roman Emperor during the 30 Years' War.

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648. Increased power of France. Allowed Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinism as acceptable religions.

Philip II

King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants under his power. Zealous Catholic.

politiques

Rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs. For example, Henry IV of France and Elizabeth I of England made religious compromise in order to achieve political unity.

"Paris is Worth A Mass"

The reason Henry IV gave when he converted to Catholicism as king of France.

indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money.

Reformation

a 16th century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the pope's authority

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief questioning some church practices.

95 Theses

Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenberg which questioned some Roman Catholic Church practices.

Diet of Worms

This was the conference that Charles V called to question/prosecute Martin Luther

Charles V

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism.

Sola Scriptura

Belief that the Bible is the sole source of religious truth

Sola Fide

Belief in Justification by faith alone--faith alone is needed to get to heaven.

Priesthood of All Believers

Luther's revolutionary idea that every believer had the ability to read and interpret the Bible, that all people of faith were viewed by God as equals.

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

Predestination

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation and nothing someone does will change that.

The Elect

In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation.

Geneva

Swiss city-state which became a Calvinist theocracy in the 1500s;

German Peasants' War

revolt of German lower classes calling for social/political change based on ideas of Luther (rejected by Luther, in reality).

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.

Edict of Worms

declared Martin Luther an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire and his works were to be burned and luther himself captured and delivered to the emperor

Theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders using their religious text (such as the Bible) as the source of law.

pacifism

the belief that any violence, including war, is unjustifiable under any circumstances, and that all disputes should be settled by peaceful means.

Mannerism

an artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation

Tintoretto

Venetian Mannerist painter

El Greco

Spanish Mannerist painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614)

Baroque

An artistic style of the late 16th through 17th century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements and intense emotion. The art of the Catholic Reformation

Caravaggio

Italian Baroque painter noted for his realistic depiction of religious subjects and his use of Chiaroscuro

Artemisia Gentileschi

Baroque painter famous for vivid depictions of dramatic Old Testament scenes esp her Judith paintings

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Italian architect and sculptor, famous for Saint Peter's Basilica, Ecstasy of St Teresa. Is sometimes called artist of the Catholic Reformation.

Peter Paul Rubens

is the most famous Baroque artist who studied Michelangelo in Italy and took that Renaissance style to the next level of drama, motion, color, religion and animation, which is portrayed in his paintings

Chiaroscuro

The treatment of light and shade in a work of art, especially to give an illusion of depth or to focus the eyes on a certain aspect of the painting.

Gian Bernini, Throne of Saint Peter

Gian Bernini, Fountain of the Four Rivers

El Greco, Christ Crucified with Toledo background

El Greco, View of Toledo

Tintoretto, Last Supper

Tintoretto, Judith and Holofernes

Artemesia Gentileschi, Judith Slaying Holofernes

Artemesia Gentileschi, Susanna and the Elders, 1610

Caravaggio, Judith Beheading Holofernes

Peter Paul Rubens, The Three Graces

Peter Paul Rubens, Descent from the Cross

Rubenesque

Used to describe art that depicts full-figured female bodies, a polite way to refer to a tubby woman. ;) based on the work of Peter Paul Rubens.

Catholic Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.

Roman Inquisition

A religious committee of six Roman cardinals that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and execution

Index of Prohibited Books

Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church were banned. Possession could be severely punished (even death)

Ignatius Loyola

Founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Ursulines

groups of nuns that dedicated themselves to caring for the needy and educating young girls as a way to strengthen Catholicism.

Teresa of Avila

Carmelite nun who reformed Spanish convents and monasteries insisting on strict return to personal prayer and vows of poverty among the nuns.

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants (but failed to do both instead it mostly reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings.)

Carmelite Order

This order was revived by St. Teresa of Avila and her disciples who attempted to de-secularize the order and bring back intense devotional prayer and absolute vows of poverty.

Paul III

This was the Pope that called the Council of Trent

Simony

the buying and selling of church offices

Clerical Celibacy

The requirement that all members of the clergy remain unmarried and celibate (no hanky panky)

1509

Erasmus writes In Praise of Folly