Lab Exam #2

What is blood pressure?

Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood on the inner arterial walls.

What causes blood pressure?

It is caused by the contraction and stroke volume injection of the heart.

How is blood pressure usually measured?

Blood pressure is usually measured indirectly with a sphygmomanometer.

What is normal resting blood pressure?

Normal resting blood pressure is 120 over 80 and lower.

What is blood pressure?

Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood on the inner arterial walls.

What is normal resting blood pressure?

Normal resting blood pressure is 120 over 80 and lower.

What is hypertension?

Hypertension (high blood pressure) is when systolic BP regularly exceeds 130 mmHg or diastolic BP regularly exceeds 80 mmHg.

What are the risks of uncontrolled hypertension?

Chronic uncontrolled high blood pressure increases the risk for heart attack, different types of cardiovascular disease (including stroke), and kidney failure/kidney disease.

What factors influence blood pressure?

Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output (heart rate times stroke volume) and peripheral resistance (resistance caused by blood vessels).

How does blood pressure change during exercise?

During exercise, systolic blood pressure increases linearly with exercise intensity, while diastolic blood pressure normally should not change during exercise.

What are Korotkoff sounds?

Korotkoff sounds are used to measure blood pressure by listening for the first sound (systolic BP) and the last sound (diastolic BP) heard.

What is pulse pressure?

Pulse pressure (PP) is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure, calculated as PP = SBP - DBP.

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is calculated as diastolic blood pressure plus one-third of the resting pulse pressure, MAP = DBP + 1/3 PP.

What are potential errors in blood pressure assessment?

Potential errors include inaccurate manometer, improper cuff size, auditory acuity of technician, rate of cuff inflation/deflation, technician experience, and more.

What is the correct blood pressure cuff size?

A cuff that fits around approximately 80% of the circumference of the arm is considered correct; too small will overestimate, and too large will underestimate blood pressure.

What is the correct procedure for measuring blood pressure?

The subject's arm should be at heart height, with the cuff placed about an inch above the elbow over the brachial artery, while avoiding talking or crossing feet during measurement.

How often should blood pressure be checked?

It's important to check your blood pressure three or four times a year.

What is a DXA scan?

A DXA scan (DEXA scan) uses very weak x-ray beams to accurately measure bone, fat tissue, and muscle mass.

What does DXA stand for?

DXA stands for dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.

What is the three-component model used in DXA?

DXA measures bone tissue, bone-free lean tissue (muscle, organs, water), and fat tissue.

What are the advantages of DXA?

DXA is a three-component model that can assess regional body composition.

What are the disadvantages of DXA?

DXA is more expensive than some other methods and is not portable; it's a laboratory method.

Why get a DXA scan?

To understand your body's needs related to training, diet, and health; visualize the impact of new programs; make adjustments to optimize your program; and identify long-term health risks.

What is the difference between visceral and subcutaneous fat?

Visceral fat is deep in the abdomen surrounding lower organs, while subcutaneous fat is directly beneath the skin and stretches around the trunk.

What is resting metabolic rate (RMR)?

RMR estimates calories burned at rest to maintain body functions, and knowing your RMR helps with weight management.

What are other clinical body composition methods?

Hydrostatic underwater weighing and BOD POD (air displacement plethysmography) are clinical methods.

What are field techniques for body composition assessment?

Field techniques include skinfold calipers, tape measures, bioelectrical impedance analyzers, and ultrasound probes.

What radiation dose does a DXA scan use?

DXA uses a low dose of x-ray radiation, about one-tenth of a chest x-ray.

What are the benefits of a DXA scan?

Benefits include determining percent body fat and bone mineral density.

What are the requirements for a DXA scan?

Requirements include lying still for about 6 minutes, weighing less than 350 pounds, wearing clothing with no metal, and refraining from heavy exercise, alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine prior to the scan.

What is a contraindication for a DXA scan?

Pregnant individuals cannot undergo the scan.