GRAMMAR

LSAT 7SAGE SECTION - GRAMMAR

____ + ___ = clause

noun, verb

a clause is a

simple sentence

what two things HAVE to be in a clause?

a subject and a predicate

the subject has to be a

noun and the object of what the sentence is about

what is a modifier?

more details

ID subject, predicate, and modifiers

Dull foliage camouflage dull birds

1. Subject: foliage (noun)

2. Predicate: camouflage (verb) AND birds (object)

3. Modifiers: dull (modifying foliage) AND dull (modifying birds)

   1. Core sentence: Foliage camouflage birds

ID subject, predicate, and modifiers

Blood circulation is vital for athletes.

1. Subject: Circulation

2. Predicate: vital [verb] 

3. Modifiers: blood [modifying circulation] AND athletes [modifying vital]

   1. Core sentence: circulation is vital

ID subject, predicate, and modifiers

Proper nutrition is crucial for children’s growth.

1. Subject: nutrition

2. Predicate: crucial [verb]

3. Modifiers: for children’s growth [modifying crucial]

   1. Core sentence: Nutrition is crucial for growth.

ID subject, predicate, and modifiers

The strong antibiotics failed to kill the bacteria that live in deep wounds

1. Subject: antibiotics

2. Predicate: failed to kill [noun] AND bacteria [object]

3. Modifiers: strong [modifying antibiotics] AND that live in deep wounds [bacteria] 

4. Core sentence: The antibiotics failed to kill the bacteria.

THAT and WHO modify what?

Nouns

Referentials definition

words or phrases to stand in for something stated somewhere else in the text

Botanists at the Ben Gurion University recently discovered plants that can extract phosphorus from the sand covering their leaves. They are conducting experiments to better understand the mechanism which enables such extraction.

which is the referential? which is the referent?

referential = they

referent = botanists

ID referent and referiential

Some religious leaders who undertake reforms do so out of an intrinsic commitment to philosophical ideals.

1. Referential phrase → do so

2. Refers to “undertake reforms”

Which can refer to ___ (referientials)

either a noun or an entire clause

ID referential words/phrases and their referents

1. The island's endemic species of pigs, which are more ferocious than most pigs that we know of, are endangered.

1. Referential phrase → which

2. Referent → the island’s endemic species of pigs

   1. The island’s endemic species of pigs are more ferocious than most pigs that we know of

ID referential words/phrases and their referents

1. In the game of Monopoly, two types of cards - Chance cards, which are likely to cause the player to move, and Community Chest cards, which are likely to reward the player with money, - are drawable.

1. Referential phrase → which x2

2. Referents → Chance cards and Community Chest cards

   1. Chance cards are likely to cause the player to move, and Community Chest cards are likely to reward the player with money.

negative referential

1. Though crows are highly intelligent, other birds are prettier to look at.

1. Though crows are highly intelligent, not-crow birds are prettier to look at.

Negative referientials

1. Some fruit flies originated in Hawaii and spread from there to other parts of the world

1. Some fruit flies originated in Hawaii and spread from there to other parts of the world

   1. “There” refers to Hawaii

      1. “Other parts of the world” refers to “NON-Hawaii”

ID object clause

1. Rumors suggest that cells have the ability to heal themselves.

1. Core sentence: Rumors suggest that

2. Subject: rumors

3. Predicate: suggest [verb] AND that [object]

   1. Object clause: cells have the ability to heal themselves

ID object clause

1. Architects have long understood that design is a universal aspect of urban development.

1. Core sentence: Architects have understood that

2. Subject: Architects

3. Predicate: have understood [verb] AND that [object]

4. Modifiers: long [modifying understood]

   1. Object clause: design is a universal aspect of urban development