AP Psychology Unit 8

motivation

the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met.

extrinsic motivation

type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person.

intrinsic motivation

type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.

instincts

the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals.

instinct approach

approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by insticts similar to those of animals.

need

a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism

drive

a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension

drive-reduction theory

approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal

primary drives

those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst

acquired (secondary) drives

those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval

homeostasis

the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state

stimulus motive

a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity

arousal theory

theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation

Yerkes-Dodson law

law stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels or arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high. This effect varies with the difficulty of the task: Easy tasks require a high-moderate level whereas more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level

incentives

things that attract or lure people into action

incentive approaches

theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties

self-actualization

according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential

weight set point

the particular level of weight the body tries to maintain

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting

leptin

a hormone that, when released into the bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full

anorexia nervosa

a condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body weight or more occurs

bulimia nervosa

a condition in which a person develops a cycle of "binging," or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and then using unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain

emotion

the "feeling" aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings

James-Lange theory of emotion

theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion. I am afraid because I am shaking

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time. I am shaking and afraid at the same time

Schachter's cognitive arousal theory/

Singer and Schachter's Two Factor

theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced. That huge bear is dangerous and that makes me feel afraid

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Humanist theory of motivation that says we must first fulfill lower level needs before achieving personal fulfillment and self actualization

Physiological-Safety-Belongingness and Love-Esteem-Cognitive-Self Actualization

ventromedial hypothalamus

stops the eating response; lets us know we are full

if damaged, we would continue to eat

lateral hypothamalus

initiates the eating response; lets us know we are hungry

if damaged, we would starve

Achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

Adaptation-Level Phenomenon

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

Aerobic exercise

Rhythmic, nonstop, moderate to vigorous activity that requires large amounts of oxygen

Behavioral medicine

an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease

Binge-eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

Biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

Catharsis

Emotional release

Coping

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

Coronary heart disease

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America

Emotion-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

Estrogen

Female sex hormone

Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

The tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

Flow

a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A model of the body's response to chronic stress; the three phases are alarm (fight-or-flight response), resistance, and exhaustion.

Glucose

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

Health psychology

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

Industrial-organization (I/O) psychology

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

Organizational psychology

a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

Personnel psychology

a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development

Polygraph

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion

Problem-focused coping

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

Psychophysiological illness

literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches

Refractory period

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

Relative deprivation

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

Sexual disorder

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

Sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

Sexual response cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Social leadership

group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

Stress

A nonspecific, emotional response to real or imagined challenges or threats; a result of a cognitive appraisal by the individual

Structured interviews

interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales

Subjective well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.

Task leadership

goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals

Testosterone

Male sex hormone

Type A

competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Type B

easygoing, relaxed people

PYY

secreted by small intestine after meal, suppresses appetite

Ghrelin

A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

Orexin

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

Obstatin

Secreted by stomach; sends out "I'm full" signals to the brain.

parental investment theory

a theory that stresses the evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behavior, including the extensive devotion parents have in their offspring

unit bias

when the portion size is larger, people will eat more

Garcia effect

taste aversion, when nausea and a food are paired, the food will be averted in the future

neophobia

dislike of things unfamiliar

Theory X managers

assume that employees are basically lazy and extrinsically motivated.

Theory Y managers

Managers who assume that engaging in effortful behavior is natural to human beings; they recognize that people seek out responsibility and that motivation can come from allowing employees to suggest creative and meaningful solutions.

approach-approach conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives

approach-avoidance conflict

conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives

Opponent Process Theory of Emotion

following a strong emotion, an opposing emotion counters the first emotion, lessening the experience of that emotion; on repeated occasions, the opposing emotion becomes stronger

cogntive appraisal theory

In the absence of physiological arousal, we decide what to feel after interpreting or explaining what has just happened. Two things are important in this: whether we interpret the event as good or bad for us, and what we believe is the cause of the event.

facial feedback hypothesis

emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify

Microexpressions

small, brief facial movements that signal emotional experiences, even in people who have been trained to hide their emotions