ACT - Science

Step 1 of Scientific Method

Step 1 of Scientific Method

Ask question: question pops up in head, and conduct a initial research

Step 2 of Scientific Method

Hypothesis: making a scientific prediction of result that is testable using if-then statement

Step 3 of Scientific Method

Experiment: Design an experiment that is repeatable and reproduce the same result

Step 4 of Scientific Method

Analysis/Conclusion: make a readable data and conclusion then accept or reject hypothesis

Independent variable( 1 )

condition or thing that is changes and bring change

EX: water given to plant

Dependent variable( 1 )

condition that depends the change of independent variable

EX: plant that is growing due to water

Control variable( 1+ )

condition that has to be consistent to measure the change

EX: plant in room temperature, plant in no sun light and more

Correlation

correlation is relation ship of x and y variables (ex. x up = y up)

Outlier

A data point that does not fit into trend or relationship

Extrapolate

To predict or identify future result by using existing data

Meter - m

length defined by 1/light-speed

Kilogram - kg

amount of matter in object, independent from gravity, 1L = 1Kg

Second - s

time defined by duration of 9 billion cycles of radiation

Ampere - A

electric current defined from elementary charge

Candela - cd

luminous intensity

Mole - mol

quantity of particle and molecule in specific substance or area

Hertz - Hz

measure of frequency

Newton - N

force defined from change in motion

Pascal - Pa

pressure - force applied per unit area by one to other

Joule - J

how much energy on substance have

Watt - W

measure power - amount of energy delivered J/s

Metric Prefixes

quetta Q 10^30 1000000000000000000000000000000

ronna R 10^27 1000000000000000000000000000

yotta Y 10^24 1000000000000000000000000

zetta Z 10^21 1000000000000000000000

exa E 10^18 1000000000000000000

peta P 10^15 1000000000000000

tera T 10^12 1000000000000

giga G 10^9 1000000000

mega M 10^6 1000000

kilo k 10^3 1000

hecto h 10^2 100

deca da 10^1 10

deci d 10^−1 0.1

centi c 10^−2 0.01

milli m 10^−3 0.001

micro μ 10^−6 0.000001

nano n 10^−9 0.000000001

pico p 10^−12 0.000000000001

femto f 10^−15 0.000000000000001

atto a 10^−18 0.000000000000000001

zepto z 10^−21 0.000000000000000000001

yocto y 10^−24 0.000000000000000000000001

ronto r 10^−27 0.000000000000000000000000001

quecto q 10^−30 0.000000000000000000000000000001

units and conversion

Length

• 1 mile(mi) = 1760 yards(yd) = 5280 feet(ft)

• 1 yard = 3 ft

• 1ft = 12 inches

• 1 km = 1.6 miles

• 2.54cm = 1 inch

Mass

• 1 ton = 2000 pound(lbs.) = 32000 ounce(oz)

• 1 pound = 16 ounce

• 1 pound = 0.453(0.5) kg

• 1ounce = 28(30) g

Volume

• 1 gallon = 4 quart = 8 pint

• 1 gallon = 3.78(4) L

• 1 pi = 946(1000) ml

• 1 pint = 473(500) ml

Temperature

• 100°C = 212°F = 373°K - Boiling water

• 0°C = 32°F = 273°K - Freezing point

• -273°C = -460°F = 0°K - Absolute zero

Pressure

• 1 atmosphere(atm) = 101.325(100) kilopascal(kPa)

Concentration

A measure that shows amount of solute dissolved into

solvent using M which is mol/L

Solute

thing goes into liquid (ex. Choco powder)

Solvent

the liquid (ex. Milk)

Solute + Solvent

Solution

Density

Measure defined as a mass of substance over volume it take up kg/L

pH measurement

measure a solution based on concentration of hydrogen ions

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

acidic <- Neutral → Alkaline

Hypothesis

prediction of an outcome of experiment based on knowledge

Method

process scientist made to testify the hypothesis (reapeatable)

Procedure

step by step process of experiment

Observation

watching or recording some factor or variable of experiment

Quantitative

experiment that can be defined with numerical data

Qualitative

experiment that can be defined with categorial data

Variable

anything that can change

Control and Experimental group

In experiment, CG: doesn't change EG: does change

matter

anything has a mass and take up space(volume)

Melting

solid → liquid

Freezing

liquid → solid

Evaporation

liquid → gas

Condensation

gas → liquid

Sublimation

solid → gas

Deposition

gas to solid

Element

simplest and unique form of matter

Atom

smallest unique particle of matter that exist

Subatomic particles

inside atom = nucleus(proton, neutron), electron

Isotopes

a state where atom has different number of neutron

Mass number

sum of protons and neutrons in atom (ex. carbon -13)

Molecule

a group of atoms bonded together

Compound

chemical combination of two+ elements in a fixed ratio

Chemical reaction

when bonds between atom are form or broken

Reactant

before chemical reaction

Product

after chemical reaction

Natural selection

species that has better trait survives and reproduce more

Speciation

evolution causes species to be entirely different over time

Genotype

complete set of genes

Phenotype

type that defines the physical appearance of organism

Alleles

multiple form(size, shape and more) of gene

Dominant allele

gene that always produce specific phenotype

Recessive allele

produce specific phenotype based on paired other allele

binomial nomenclature system

naming of species (Format: Genus - name, Ex: Homo sapience)

DNA

molecule responsible for carrying all of the genetic material

DNA chemical bases

adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine(T)

Codons

3 stands of DNA strand forms single codons

DNA replication

DNA copy itself during cell replication

Mutation

gene is changed and does not entirely match original

Transcription

DNA copied into messenger RNA in nucleus

Ribosome

cellular organelle that is used to makes protein

Translation

process where ribosome translate mRNA to transfer RNA

Amino acid

building blocks of proteins correspond to tRNA

Polypeptide chain

chain of amino acid, forms basic structure of protein

Denaturing

unfunctional protein due to its loss of shape while folding

Renature

refold to recover the functionality

Cell

smallest functional unit in any organism

Prokaryotic cell

it self is organism, have nucleoid + no organelles

Eukaryotic cell

makes up multicellular organism, has organelles

Nucleus

brain of cell = send signals, has DNA stored in chromosome

Plasma membrane

wall(filter) made of phospholipids around cell

Marco molecule

composed of large number of molecule (is complex)

Cell wall

specialized structured walled for plants

Cytoplasm

water or gel, that is filled in cell

Mitochondria

is a power house of the cell

Vacuole

storage, waste disposal, protection, and growth

Endoplasmic reticulum

(rough and soft tubes) make, package, and transport proteins and fats

macromolecule

molecule that contain large amount of atoms

Polymer

natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules

Carbohydrates

macromolecule, basic = simple glucose → monosaccharide

Lipid

macromolecule, in oil, is fatty, is hydrophobic

Proteins

made of chain of amino acids, DNA in it

Density

amount of matter something is composed of, mass/volume

Gravity

force of attraction due to mass

Speed

distance something travel during given rate of time

Velocity

measurement of speed along with the direction it is traveling

Inertia

object ability to change of it’s velocity

Momentum

matter in motion, mass + velocity = has momentum

Kinetic energy

amount of energy during the motion

Potential energy

energy objects posses based on the position

Lens

transparent curve glass refract the light

Electromagnetic radiation

all spectrum of light, = travels in wave