Bio Exam 1

Physiology

studies the functions of the parts body

Anatomy

studies the parts of the body

levels of physiological organization

1. 1. Molecules (ATP, water, neurtransmitter receptors)

2. 2. Cells (neurons, epithelial cells)

3. 3. Tissue (nervous tissue, muscle tissue)

4. 4. Organs (heart, liver)

5. 5. Organ systems (cardiovascula, gastrointestinal)

four major cell/tissue types

1. 1. Neurons/nervous tissue

2. 2. Muscle cells/muscle tissue

3. 3. Eptithelilal cells/ epithelial tissus

4. 4. Connective tissue cells

Neurons/nervous tissue

specialized for sending and reciving information(ex: motor neurons, cortical interneurons)

Muscle cells/Muscle tissue

specialized for contractions (ex: cardiac myocytes, skeletal muscle)

epithelial cells/epithelial tissue

found on organs, glands, and lining body cavities (ex. intensinal epithelial cells)

Endorcrine glands

secrete molecules (hormones) directly into the blood stream (example: pancreatic glands, thymus glands)

Exocrine glands

utilize a duct to secrete molecules into a body cavity or to the exterior of the body (example: sweat glands, stomach salivary)

Connective tissue cells

characterized by very few cells and lots of extracellular material (ex: bone cells, blood cells, fat cells)

Homeostasis

keepings the body internal conditions stable despite fluctuations maily through negitve feeback

levels of organization in the body

1. 1. Chemical Level

2. 2. Cellular level

3. 3. Tissue level

4. 4. Organ level

5. 5. System level

6. 
   

chemical level

tiny building blocks such as atoms and molecules (H2O, DNA, glucose)

cellular level

building blocks join to makes cells

tissue level

groups of similar cells working toghether

organ level

diffrent tissues join toghether to make an organ

system level

organs work toghether as a team

organismal level

all body systems working toghether

emergent property

new ability that appears when smaller parts work toghether

Intergration

Diffrent body parts working toghether

set point

desired level fro an internal conditon

negative feedback

when something moves away from the set point, the body produces a response that moves it back towards the set point

3 parts of a negative feedback loop

1. sensor

2. intergrating center

3. effector

sensor

detects change

intergrating center

recvies the information and asses the change comapred to the set point sending instructions to an effector

effector

carries out the adjustment

hyporhalamus

part of the brain involved in controlling things such as body temperature

antagonist effectors

effectors that move conditions in opposite directions

dynamic constancy

internal conditions can flucuate within a normal range

positive feedback

increases the orignial change

molecule

2 atoms of the same element joined toghether by a chemical bond

cell

smallest living functional unit

atom

smalles unit of matter that retains physical and chemical properties of an element

proton

positvely chared subatomic particle

neturon

submatomic particle with no charge

electron

negatively charged subatomic particle

three main subatomic particles

neutron, electron, proton

electron orbital

3-d region region around nucleus where electrons are likely found

valance shell

outermost electron shell

valance electrons

electrons in the outermost shell

what determines much of an atoms chemical behavior

number of electrons in its valance shell

how many electrons do atoms want in their valance shell

8; except for Hydrogen and Helium who are happy with 2

reactive atom

atom with an incomplete valance shell that wants to interact with other atoms

iinert atom

atom with a full valance shell that is not normally reactive

why are noble gases inert

they have full valance shells

chemical bond

attraction that holds atoms together

why do reactive atoms form chemical bonds

to form more stable electron arrangements

compound

atoms of diffrent elements bonded toghether

ion

charged atom or molecule formed by gaining or loosing an electrion

anion

negatively charged ion due to gaining an electron

cation

positively charged ion from loosing an electron

covalent bond

bond formed when two atoms share electrons

nonpolar covalent bond

covalent bond where electrons are shared equally

polar covalent bond

covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally

electronegativity

atoms ability to attract and hold electrons

hydrophilic

water loving substances that dissolve

what substances are hydrophilic

polar and ionic substances

hydrophobic

does not dissolve in water

what substances are hydrophobic

nonpolar

hydrophobic interaction

tendency of nonpolar molcules to cluster in water

4 basic types of niomolecules

1. Carbohydrates

2. lipids

3. proteins

4. nucleotides

one basic carbohydrate unit is called

monosaccharide

what is a monosaccharide

simple sugar

what elements are found in a monosaccharide

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

what is the C:H:O ratio

1:2:1

purpose of a carbohydrate

quick energy

what is the carbohydrate energy storage molecule in humans

glycogen

where is glycogen stored inhumans

liver and skeletal muscle

what is glycogen used for

quick energy

carb loading

increasing the amount of glycogen in the body before competition

2 stages of carb loading

1. depletion

2. loading

is glycogen polar

yes

how much water can be associated with one ounce of glycogen

4 ounces

are carbohydrates polar

yes

role of lipids

long term energy storage

are lipids polar or non polar

nonpolar covalent bonds

are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophilic

hydrophobic

whats the common structure of lipids

nonpolar hydrocarbon chains or rings

what makes a saturated fat

only has single bonds between carbon atoms in its chain

are saturated fats solid or liquid at room temperature

solid (grease)

why are saturated fats called saturated

saturated with hydrogen

what bond distinguishes an unsaturated fat

at least one double carbon bond

are unsaturated fats solid or liquid at room temperature

liquid (olive oil)

major components of phospholipid

2 fatty acids + phosphate group attached to a glcerol backbone

what are phospholipids a major component of

cell membranes

what class of biomolcules do steriods belong to

lipids

basic structure of a steriod

three 6 carbon rings and one 5 carbon ring

are steriods polar or non polar

nonpolar

major function of steriods

hormones

what ar ethe monomers of proteins

amino acids

amino acid polymer

protein made of many amino acids

what determines the sequence of amino aids in a protein

DNA through transcription and translation

3 components of an amino acid

1. amino group

2. carboxyl group

3. R group

how many amino acids are there

20

why are there 20 diffrent amino acids

20 diffrent R groups

what part gives the amino acid its diffrent proeprites

R group

what are examples of properties determined by R group

polar vs nonpolar

4 levels of protein structure

1. primary

2. secondary

3. tertiary

4. quaternary

primary structure

exact order/sequence of amino acids

what bonds connect amino acids toghether

pepetide bonds