kinesiology chapter 1

Kinesiology

study of motion

Biomechanics

application of mechanical physics to human motion

Structural kinesiology

study of muscles and bones as they are involved in science of movement

Contralateral

pertaining or relating to the opposite side

Ipsilateral

on the same side

Bilateral

relating to the right and left sides of the body or of a body structure such as the right & left extremities

Sagittal Plane

divides body into bilateral segments

example of sagittal plane

sit up

Coronal or Frontal Plane

divides the body into (front) anterior & (back) posterior portions

Example of coronal or frontal plane

Jumping Jacks

Transverse or Horizontal Plane

divides body into (top) superior & (bottom) inferior portions when the individual is in anatomic position

transverse plane example

spinal rotation

Skeletal Functions

Protection

Support to maintain posture

Movement

Mineral storage

Hemopoiesis

Diaphysis

long cylindrical shaft

Periosteum

dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis

Endosteum

fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex

Medullary (marrow) cavity

between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect & reduce friction

Epiphysis

ends of long bones formed from cancelleous (spongy or trabecular) bone

Epiphyseal plate

(growth plate) thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis & epiphyses

Processes

to which ligaments, muscles or tendons attach

Cavities (depressions)

including opening & grooves

Articulation

connection of bones at a joint usually to allow movement between surfaces of bones

3 major joint classification

Synarthrodial

Amphiarthrodial

Diarthrodial

Synarthrodial

Immovable joints

Amphiarthrodial

Slightly movable joints

Allow a slight amount of motion to occur

types of amphiarthrodial

Syndesmosis

Synchondrosis

Symphysis

Syndesmosis

Two bones joined together by a strong ligament or an interosseus membrane that allows minimal movement between the bones

Synchondrosis

Type of joint separated by hyaline cartilage that allows very slight movement between the bones

Symphysis

Joint separated by a fibrocartilage pad that allows very slight movement between the bones

Diarthrodial Joints

Synovial joints

Freely movable

composed of sleeve like joint capsule

secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint cavity

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

Covers the articular surface of the bones

absorbs shock

protect the bone

Gliding (Arthrodial) joints

2 plane or flat bony surfaces which butt against each other

Little motion possible in any 1 joint articulation

Usually work together in series of articulations

Hinge (Ginglymus) joint

a uniaxial articulation

articular surfaces allow motion in only one plane

Hinge joint example

elbow

Pivot (Trochoid) joint

also uniaxial articulation

Pivot joint example

proximal radio-ulnar joints

Saddle (Sellar) Joint

unique triaxial joint

2 reciprocally concave & convex articular surfaces

saddle joint example

thumb

Goniometer

used to measure amount of movement in a joint or measure joint angles

Range of Motion

Area through which a joint may normally be freely and painlessly moved

Rotation downward

Rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving medially & downward

Rotation upward

Rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving laterally & upward

Palmar flexion

Flexion movement of wrist with anterior side of hand moving toward anterior side of forearm

Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion)

Extension movement of wrist in the sagittal plane with dorsal or posterior side of hand moving toward posterior side of forearm