viscera of the pelvic cavity, urogenital system and structures, female reproductive system

function of kidneys

regulate extracellular fluid volume/blood pressure

regulate osmolarity

maintain ion balance

homeostatic regulation of pH

excrete wastes

produce hormones

function of adrenal/suprarenal gland

releases epi/norepi, endocrine gland

function of adrenal cortex

endocrine gland

makes cortisol (metabolism) which goes to the hypothalamus which secretes corticotropic-releasing hormone (CRH), then ant. pituitary releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

function of adrenal medulla

make epi/norepi

stress response

purpose of the glomerulus

looping blood vessels that filter blood

sits at beginning of nephron, encased in Bowman’s capsule

losing this loses the integrity of the kidney

trigone

sensitive to stretch receptors to tell when you need to pee

area where both ureters enter the bladder

detrusor muscle

smooth muscle on the wall of the bladder

3 regions of male urethra

prostatic → membranous → spongey

prostatic urethra

surrounded by prostate

membranous urethra

surrounded by external sphincter

spongey urethra

surrounded by corpus spongiosum of penis

internal urethral sphincter

involuntary autonomically controlled smooth muscle

external urethral sphincter

voluntarily controlled skeletal muscle

sympathetic innervation of urinary system

relax detrusor muscle (fill bladder)

causes tonic contraction of internal urethral sphincter (keep closed)

parasympathetic innervation of the urinary system

contract detrusor muscle (empty bladder)

causes inhibition of internal urethral sphincter (allow it to open)

somatic innervation of the urinary system

voluntary control of external urethral sphincter

which arteries branch off of the abdominal aorta

L/R common iliac aa.

what do the common iliac aa. split into?

internal and external iliac aa.

perineum

soft tissue “pouch” outside of pelvis, btwn thighs

contains external genital organs

pelvis

bones of the pelvic girdle

organs within the pelvic cavity (genital, excretory)

function of superficial perineal muscles

urination

sexual function

assist pelvic diaphragm

function of perineal muscles in general

surround erectile tissue of external genitalia

female bony pelvis

shallow, wide, smaller

male bony pelvis

narrow, round, larger

muscles that form lateral walls of pelvis

piriformis

obturator internus

(abduct and/or laterally rotate the hip)

function of the pelvic diaphragm

forms floor of the pelvis

supports pelvic viscera

separates pelvis from perineum

helps rectal sphincter function

muscles that make up the pelvic diaphragm

levator ani

coccygeus

purpose of levator ani muscle

support pelvic viscera

relax for urination and defecation

resists increase in abdominal pressure

pelvic wall muscles

piriformis

obturator internus

levator ani

coccygeus

3 parts of levator ani muscle

puborectalis

pubococcygeus

iliococcyceus

physical therapy of the pelvic floor

incontinence

constipation

sexual dysfunction (related to pelvic floor muscles)

prolapse of pelvic organs

inFra-peritoneum organs

urinary bladder/ureters

inferior rectum

uterus

vagina

inTra-peritoneal organs

ovaries

uterine tubes

pouches of peritoneum

vesicouterine

rectouterine

rectovesical

internal female genital organs (pelvis)

ovary

uterine tube

vagina

cervix

uterus

internal male genital organs (pelvis)

prostate gland

seminal vesicles

vas deferens

bulbourethral gland

external female genital organs (perineum)

labia

clitoris

opening of urethra and vagina

external male genital organs (perineum)

penis

testes

epididymis

urethra

prostate

uterus

penile shaft

clit hood

ovaries

testes

mons pubis

fatty area, protective

vulva (perineum)

external genitalia

regions of the uterus

fundus

body

cervix (neck)

horns

3 tissue layers of the uterus

peri-, myo-, peri- metrium

ligaments in the female reproductive system

round

ovarian

broad

suspensory

ampulla

widest part of uterine tube

ovary

endocrine organ

oogenesis

oviduct

uterine tube

fimbriae (guide oocyte)

fertilization site

ovarian ligament function

secure ovaries to uterus

suspensory ligament function

contains ovarian VAN

connect ovary to wall of pelvis

broad ligament function

helps keep uterus in place

double layer of peritoneum

ectopic pregnancy

implantation occurring outside of the uterus (usually tubal/ampulla)

vagina

usually collapsed with walls touching

has rugae

fornix of vagina

vaginal recess around cervix, increases surface area

prolapsed uterus

3 stages

inferior descent of uterus into vaginal canal due to inadequate support

multiple vaginal deliveries

episiotomy

incision of perineum to enlarge birth canal

done for fetal distress and maternal fatigue