Temperature and Heat

What are temperature sensitive (thermometric) properties used in the construction of a thermometer?

1\. volume of a liquid,

2\. length of a solid,

3\. pressure of a gas held at constant volume,

4\. volume of a gas held at constant pressure,

5\. electric resistance of a conductor, and

6\. color of a very hot object.

Is a condition in which objects in a system have the same temperature because there is no net exchange of energy in the system.“If objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.”

Thermal Equilibrium refers to the Zeroth Law

A material that permits no thermal interaction between two systems

Insulator

A material that permits thermal interactions through it

Conductor

Where is the international standard thermometer kept?

Nowhere

A mercury-in-glass thermometer uses what thermometric property?

Change in volume

What property determines whether an object is in thermal equilibrium with other objects?

Temperature

Elaborate the temperature of scales.

Celsius

Fahrenheit

Kelvin

Rankine

SI unit of temperature

Kelvin

TF to TC?

𝑇𝐹 =9/5 𝑇𝐶 + 32°

TK to TC?

TK= TC+273.15

TF to TR?

TF = TR-459.67

Temperature 𝑇 is different from change in temperature ∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖

True

∆TF= what?

9/5 ∆TC

Unit of ∆𝑇𝐶 is commonly written as?

Celsius Degree (°C)

∆TC = what?

∆TK

∆TF = what?

∆TR

What temperature scale has the same size of increments with the Celsius scale?

Kelvin

The what is called an absolute temperature scale, and its zero point is called absolute zero.

Kelvin scale

The Kelvin scale is called an what? and its zero point is called absolute zero.

Absolute temperature scale

The Kelvin scale is called an absolute temperature scale, and its zero point is called what?

Absolute zero

What is the equivalent of a temperature difference of 5C° in the Kelvin scale (Note: Temperature difference is ∆𝑇.)

5K°

What temperature scale has the same size of increments with the Rankine scale?

Fahrenheit

The size of 1 Celsius degree is larger than that of 1 Fahrenheit degree. True or False?

True

Generally, matter will expand when What and contract when except for some substances such as water.

heated, cooled

What are the 3 types of thermal expansion?

Linear, Area, Volume

What determine how different substances will expand/contract due to a change in temperature. These are expressed in units of per Celsiusdegree (/C°) or per Kelvin (/K)

Coefficients of thermal expansion (α, γ, β)

Coefficients of thermal expansion (α, γ, β) determine how different substances will expand/contract due to a change in temperature. These are expressed in units of?

Per C° or per K°

Formula of linear expansion?

∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿𝑖∆𝑇

Formula of Area Expansion?

∆𝐴 = 𝛾𝐴𝑖∆𝑇 where 𝛾 = 2𝛼

Formula of volume expansion?

∆𝑉 = 𝛽𝑉𝑖∆𝑇 where 𝛽 = 3𝛼

What does α, γ, β each represent?

Coefficients of thermal expansion, linear, area, and volume.

If a material has a coefficient of linear expansion of 11 x 10-6 /C°, what is its coefficient of volume expansion?

11x3 =33

Coefficient of volume expansion for glass is 12 x 10-6 /C° and mercury is 180 x 10-6/C°. Which expands faster when heated?

Mercury

(“movement of heat”) is the study of heat and its transformation to different forms of energy.

Thermodynamics

“Two systems individually in thermal equilibrium with a third system are in thermal equilibrium with each other.”

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

“When heat flows to or from a system, the system gains or loses an amount of energy equal to the amount of heat transferred.”

Kelvin-Planck statement:“No heat engine operating in a cycle can absorb energy from a reservoir and use it entirely for the performance of an equal amount of work.”

Clausius statement: “Energy will not flow spontaneously by heat from a cold object to a hot object.”

Entropy statement: “When all systems taking part in a process are included, the entropy either remains constant or increases.”

Second Law of Thermodynamics

No heat engine operating in a cycle can

absorb energy from a reservoir and use it

entirely for the performance of an equal

amount of work.”

Kelvin-Planck statement:“

“Energy will not flow spontaneously by heat

from a cold object to a hot object.”

Clausius statement:

“When all systems taking part in a process are included, the entropy either remains constant or increases.”

Entropy statement

“It is impossible to lower the temperature of a system to absolute zero in a finite number of steps.”

Third Law of Thermodynamics

Like charges blank and opposite charges blank

Repel, attract

Electric charge is always

conserved

Electric charge is

quantized q = Ne , e= 1.6 x 10^-19 C

The force between 2 charged particles is

proportional to the inverse square of the distance between them.

materials, such as copper, in which electric charges flow freely.

Conductors

materials, such as rubber, in which electric charges cannot flow freely.

Insulators

the process of giving one object a net electric charge by placing it in contact with another object that is already charged

Charging by induction

an induced-charge effect when a charged object causes a slight shifting of charge within the molecules of the neutral insulator

Polarization

What is the unit of electric charge?

Coulomb

Describe an object that is electrically neutral.

Equally charge with protons and electrons.

Two protons separated by a distance will [attract, repel] each other.

Repel

When a charged object is used to charge a neutral object by conduction, the previously neutral object acquires [different, the same] type of charge as the charged object.

The same

When an electrically neutral object acquires a net electric charge, the mass does not change. True or False?

False, protons and neutrons vary in mass

Is a property that determines whether an object is in thermal equilibrium with other objects.

Temperature

Defined as energy in transit (that flows) because of the temperature difference between objects.

Heat

Is the energy associated with the atoms and molecules of the system

Internal Energy

Heat naturally flows from a blank object to a blank object.

hot, cold

Heat can/cannot? be contained since it is not a property of an object.

cannot

An object has blank, not blank

Internal energy, heat

SI unit of heat

Joule (J)

Meaning of Btu

British thermal unit

How many joules in cal?

4.186

How many joules in Cal

4186

How many joules in Btu?

1055

refers to the energy required to change a unit mass of an object by one degree in temperature.

Specific heat c

Formula of specific heat

c = Q/m∆T,, Q is the quantity of heat, m is mass, and ∆T is the change in temperature.

Refers to the energy per kilogram required for phase change of an object.

Latent heat L

Is used when a phase change occurs during melting or freezing.

Latent heat of fusion

Is used when a phase change occurs during boiling (evaporating)or condensing.

Latent heat of vaporization

Latent Heat formula

Q = ±mL, Q is the quantity of heat positive if gained negative if lost, m is mass, L is latent heat, (heat of fusion: solid↔liquid & heat of

vaporization: liquid↔gas)

Means measuring heat.

Calorimetry

For systems that undergo a temperature change, what formula should be used? Be sure to have the temperatures 𝑇𝑖 and 𝑇𝑓 in the correct order. The sign of Q depends if temperature increases (+Q) or decreases (-Q).

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖)

For systems that undergo a phase change, what formula should be used? Supply the correct sign by observing whether the system gains (+Q) or loses (-Q) energy through the process of changing phases.

𝑄 =±𝑚𝐿

occurs within an object or between two objects in contact, without bulk motion of the material.

Conduction

depends on motion of mass (fluid) from one region of space to another.

Convection

Is energy transfer by electromagnetic waves with no need for matter to be present in the space between objects.

Radiation

How many coulomb in 1 proton?

1.6×10^-19

How many coulomb in 1 electron?

1.6×10^-19 c

What is coulomb formula?

F = kq1q2/r²

What is the value of coulumbs constant?

8.99×10^9 N*m²/c² or 9

What does q mean in coulumb formula?

Magnitude of charge

What is unit of force?

Newton

What is the unit of the magnitude of the charge?

Coulomb

What is the magnitude of the distance?

meters

How many newton in 1kg?

9.8 N

the process of giving one object a net electric charge by placing it in contact with another object that is already charged

Charging by conduction/contact

What is the unit of electric field?

Newtons/coulomb

a vector quantity that transmits the electric force to a particle.

Electric field

Some charges (source charges 𝑞) alter the space around them by creating an electric field. The electric field is a vector quantity that transmits the electric force to a particle.

Newton's view

The electric field exerts an electric force on any other charged object (test charge 𝑞𝑜) within the field. The test charge is assumed to be small compared to the source charge(s) so that it does not alter the electric field.

Faraday’s view

The electric field is said to exist at some point regardless of whether a test charge is located at that point.

True

What is the electric field formula?

E = k|q|/r²