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(“movement of heat”) is the study of heat and its transformation to different forms of energy.
Thermodynamics
“Two systems individually in thermal equilibrium with a third system are in thermal equilibrium with each other.”
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
“When heat flows to or from a system, the system gains or loses an amount of energy equal to the amount of heat transferred.”
Kelvin-Planck statement:“No heat engine operating in a cycle can absorb energy from a reservoir and use it entirely for the performance of an equal amount of work.”
Clausius statement: “Energy will not flow spontaneously by heat from a cold object to a hot object.”
Entropy statement: “When all systems taking part in a process are included, the entropy either remains constant or increases.”
Second Law of Thermodynamics
No heat engine operating in a cycle can
absorb energy from a reservoir and use it
entirely for the performance of an equal
amount of work.”
Kelvin-Planck statement:“
“Energy will not flow spontaneously by heat
from a cold object to a hot object.”
Clausius statement:
“When all systems taking part in a process are included, the entropy either remains constant or increases.”
Entropy statement
“It is impossible to lower the temperature of a system to absolute zero in a finite number of steps.”
Third Law of Thermodynamics
Like charges blank and opposite charges blank
Repel, attract
Electric charge is always
conserved
Electric charge is
quantized q = Ne , e= 1.6 x 10^-19 C
The force between 2 charged particles is
proportional to the inverse square of the distance between them.
materials, such as copper, in which electric charges flow freely.
Conductors
materials, such as rubber, in which electric charges cannot flow freely.
Insulators
the process of giving one object a net electric charge by placing it in contact with another object that is already charged
Charging by induction
an induced-charge effect when a charged object causes a slight shifting of charge within the molecules of the neutral insulator
Polarization
What is the unit of electric charge?
Coulomb
Describe an object that is electrically neutral.
Equally charge with protons and electrons.
Two protons separated by a distance will [attract, repel] each other.
Repel
When a charged object is used to charge a neutral object by conduction, the previously neutral object acquires [different, the same] type of charge as the charged object.
The same
When an electrically neutral object acquires a net electric charge, the mass does not change. True or False?
False, protons and neutrons vary in mass
Is a property that determines whether an object is in thermal equilibrium with other objects.
Temperature
Defined as energy in transit (that flows) because of the temperature difference between objects.
Heat
Is the energy associated with the atoms and molecules of the system
Internal Energy
Heat naturally flows from a blank object to a blank object.
hot, cold
Heat can/cannot? be contained since it is not a property of an object.
cannot
An object has blank, not blank
Internal energy, heat
SI unit of heat
Joule (J)
Meaning of Btu
British thermal unit
How many joules in cal?
4.186
How many joules in Cal
4186
How many joules in Btu?
1055
refers to the energy required to change a unit mass of an object by one degree in temperature.
Specific heat c
Formula of specific heat
c = Q/m∆T,, Q is the quantity of heat, m is mass, and ∆T is the change in temperature.
Refers to the energy per kilogram required for phase change of an object.
Latent heat L
Is used when a phase change occurs during melting or freezing.
Latent heat of fusion
Is used when a phase change occurs during boiling (evaporating)or condensing.
Latent heat of vaporization
Latent Heat formula
Q = ±mL, Q is the quantity of heat positive if gained negative if lost, m is mass, L is latent heat, (heat of fusion: solid↔liquid & heat of
vaporization: liquid↔gas)
Means measuring heat.
Calorimetry
For systems that undergo a temperature change, what formula should be used? Be sure to have the temperatures 𝑇𝑖 and 𝑇𝑓 in the correct order. The sign of Q depends if temperature increases (+Q) or decreases (-Q).
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖)
For systems that undergo a phase change, what formula should be used? Supply the correct sign by observing whether the system gains (+Q) or loses (-Q) energy through the process of changing phases.
𝑄 =±𝑚𝐿
occurs within an object or between two objects in contact, without bulk motion of the material.
Conduction
depends on motion of mass (fluid) from one region of space to another.
Convection
Is energy transfer by electromagnetic waves with no need for matter to be present in the space between objects.
Radiation
How many coulomb in 1 proton?
1.6×10^-19
How many coulomb in 1 electron?
1.6×10^-19 c
What is coulomb formula?
F = kq1q2/r²
What is the value of coulumbs constant?
8.99×10^9 N*m²/c² or 9
What does q mean in coulumb formula?
Magnitude of charge
What is unit of force?
Newton
What is the unit of the magnitude of the charge?
Coulomb
What is the magnitude of the distance?
meters
How many newton in 1kg?
9.8 N
the process of giving one object a net electric charge by placing it in contact with another object that is already charged
Charging by conduction/contact
What is the unit of electric field?
Newtons/coulomb
a vector quantity that transmits the electric force to a particle.
Electric field
Some charges (source charges 𝑞) alter the space around them by creating an electric field. The electric field is a vector quantity that transmits the electric force to a particle.
Newton's view
The electric field exerts an electric force on any other charged object (test charge 𝑞𝑜) within the field. The test charge is assumed to be small compared to the source charge(s) so that it does not alter the electric field.
Faraday’s view
The electric field is said to exist at some point regardless of whether a test charge is located at that point.
True
What is the electric field formula?
E = k|q|/r²
