World Civ. II Chapters 36-40 Vocab
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Flashcards to help review key concepts from World Civ. II Chapters 36, 38, and 40.
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New Imperialism
The late 19th and early 20th century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories.
the Scramble for Africa
The rapid invasion of Africa by various European powers, marking the beginning of imperialism in Africa.
Leopold II
King of Belgium who authorized a colonial expedition by a trading company, significantly impacting Africa's colonial landscape.
the Berlin Conference
A meeting called by German chancellor Otto von Bismarck to set rules for the partition of Africa.
Effective Occupation
The European standard that required 'proof' that local Africans had ceded their sovereignty to the protective power.
Primary Resistance
The initial violent, largely local reaction against colonial rule that followed soon after European occupation in Africa.
Secondary Resistance
Delayed, regional forms of resistance that occurred after European occupation, often involving spirit-possession cults.
Cecil Rhodes
A British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire into Central Africa.
cash crops
Agricultural products grown for sale in the market, rather than for subsistence.
Assimilation and Association
French policies that pressured upper-caste Africans to learn French values.
Indirect Rule
A colonial policy where local individuals manage government under loose supervision, primarily used by Britain.
Direct Rule
A colonial policy where local elites are replaced by officials from the mother country.
White Man's Burden
The idea that European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those deemed less civilized.
Rudyard Kipling
A British poet and writer known for his concept of 'the white man's burden' and support of imperialism.
Criollos
People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas.
Peninsulares
People of Spanish ancestry born in Spain.
Mestizos
People of mixed Native American and European ancestry.
Mullatoes
People of mixed African and European ancestry.
Zambos
People of mixed Native American and African descent.
monoculture
A farming strategy producing a single crop in a large field year after year.
Miguel Hidalgo
A Mexican priest who led the rebellion against Spanish rule in 1810.
JosĂ© de San MartĂn
A leader who helped win independence for Chile and Argentina.
SimĂłn BolĂvar
A Venezuelan statesman who led revolts against Spanish rule in South America.
Monroe Doctrine
A 1823 statement asserting that European countries would no longer be welcome to colonize Latin America.
Dom Pedro II
The last emperor of Brazil, known for his modernization efforts.
Caudillo
A military strongman or dictator in Latin America.
Juan Manuel Rosas
An Argentine caudillo and governor of Buenos Aires from 1835 to 1852.
Benito Juárez
A Mexican national hero known for liberal reforms, including separation of church and state.
Porfirio DĂaz
A dictator in Mexico who allowed foreign companies to exploit natural resources.
Castas
A general term for mixed-race individuals in Latin America, sitting between Europeans and indigenous peoples.
Peonage
A system where workers owe labor to pay their debts.
Latifundios
Large commercial farms owned by individuals or companies.
Triple Alliance
A coalition formed in 1882 among Germany, Austria, and Italy.
Anglo-French Entente
A mutual defense agreement between Britain and France.
Anglo-Russian Agreement
A mutual defense agreement between Britain and Russia.
the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
The event that sparked World War I after he was murdered on June 28, 1914.
Central Powers
The former members of the Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
Marne River
The site of the 1914 battle that prevented the German armies from capturing Paris.
Fourteen Points
Woodrow Wilson's proposal for establishing peace after World War I.
Total War
A war strategy that involves mobilizing all citizens and resources for the war effort.
Successor States
New countries created from the Austrian Empire after World War I, including Austria, Hungary, and others.
Reparations
Payments Germany was required to make for damages caused by World War I as dictated by the Versailles Treaty.
League of Nations
An international organization proposed by Woodrow Wilson to mediate disputes, although the U.S. never joined.
John M. Keynes
A British economist who criticized the Paris Treaties and advocated for government intervention during economic crises.
Militarism
The policy of glorifying military power and maintaining a ready-to-fight standing army.
Imperialism
The policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Alliances
A union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries.
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride and devotion to one's country.
Weimar Republic
The German government established after World War I, blamed for Germany's troubles post-war.