CHICKEN ENDOSKELETON

thirty-nine, five

The vertebral column of a chicken has _________ separate bones, and these are divided into _________ sections or groups.

Cervical vertebrae

very notable as it has flexible articulation compared to other forms of animal

Atlas

small ring shaped bone and it can easily be distinguished because it does not have a centrum, neural spine, transverse process

Axis

also distinguishable because of the odontoid process, which is found only on the axis ; It actually articulates with the atlas so that they may be able to move their head around. 

thoracic vertebrae

 known for carrying the ribs.

Vertebral ribs

connected to the vertebra via the capitulum, and on the anterior part is the tuberculum

Transverse process

articulates with the tuberculum of the ri

Uncinate process

is found on the back side of the vertebral ribs. This characteristic is shared by some reptiles. Serves as attachment of trunk muscles. 

Synsacrum

Fusion of the last thoracic vertebra ; this dramatically stabilizes and eliminates the rotational motion of the vertebral column, which is another way of adaptation for flight. 

Caudal Vertebrae or pygostyle

located posterior to the synsacrum ; area of tail feather insertion. 

Sternum

a broad bone and it bears a strong ventral projection we call the keel or carina. 

ratite birds

birds without keels

carinate birds

birds with keels

costal cartilages

the ribs of the chicken are joined to the sternum by ___________

pelvic girdle

an appendicular skeleton and it is composed of three major parts, specifically the scapula, precoracoid, wishbone

a long sword-like bone that lay above the ribs

Precoracoid

a stout bone, and they are fused in the part of the glenoid fossa

Wishbone

also known as furcula ; found in front of the precoracoid, and is made of the clavicle and interclavicle

forelimbs

adapted to flight because of the concentration of its distal elements and a distal element is where the wings can be located

humerus

found in the most proximal part, and this is also where you can find the head 

greater tuberosity

contains large hole or the pneumatic foramen

lesser tuberosity

continuous distally to the deltoid ridge, guides to the radius

ulna and radius

distally, you can find here the wrist

radiale

found distal to the radius

ulnare

found distal to the ulna

carpometacarpus

the remaining wrist bones are fused with the metacarpals; together they are known as the ______________

Innominate Bone

bone that is half of the pelvic girdle

Ischium

located below the ilium (they are separated by a foramen called Illioischiac foramen)  

Pubis

slender bone along the ventral border of the ischium ; it helps the bird release relatively big eggs

it is the largest among the three and the most dorsal ; it also contains a thin elongated fig that is concave 

 acetabular foramen

articulates with the head of the femur

pectineal process

an anterior projection that is similar to the reptiles

femur

it is located on the most proximal portion (thigh part) ; you can find here the head and this articulates with the acetabulum foramen. 

greater trochanter

the projection that is lateral to the head

condyles

can be located on the distal side of the femur

Patella

also known as the kneecap

Tibiotarsus

can be found on the shank area and it is considered the major /larger bone in this portion.

fibula

 is the lateral short rudimentary bone + In the most distant portion, you cannot see any fibula anymore, it is quite short

Malleolus

is found on the distal side and followed by the large kelp bone known as the

Tarsometatarsus

Followed by the large kelp bone known as the and formed by the union of three bones which are the 2nd, 3rd, 4th metatarsals

digitigrade

the method of walking for birds  

phalanges

found on the claw area

flexible articulation

helps turn head halfway around 

Centrum

present, attached at anterior end of axis, at odontoid

neural arch

inseparably fused to vertebral plates of carapace and ribs ; formed by fusion of basidorsals, interdorsals, supradorsals 

neural spine

behind atlas

Zygapophyses

articulation between successive vertebrae 

Necturus

 ribs are bicipital