Na, K, Ca

What is sodium

• it is an extracellular cation

• apart of the sodium potassium pump

  • uses active transport

  • keeps high sodium outside the cells and low sodium inside the cells

• controlled by kidneys

• why important?

  • maintains ECF volume

  • helps regulate osmotic pressure

  • makes up abt 90% of solute in ECF

  • is important for nurve impulse conduction and muscle contraction

hypernatremia

high sodium outside of the cell

• causes water to flood out of the cells = cells shrink

causes of hyponatremia

• excess h20 loss (excessive sweating, diarrhea, vomiting)

  • you loose both sodium and water when loosing these and the hormonal response is to drink more water causing you to be hyponatremic

• use of diuretic drugs with decreased Na diets

• hormonal imbalences

  • not enough aldosterone

  • excessive ADH

• kidney failure

  • diuresis

• excessive h20 intake

effects of hyponatremia

• stomach issues

  • anorexia

  • nausea

  • cramps

• neuro issues

  • headache

  • confusion

  • seizures

• decreased BP

causes of hypernatremia

• insufficient ADH

• loss of thirst mechanism

• watery diarrhea

• prolonged periods of rapid respiration

effects of hypernatremia

• thirsty

• agitation

• edema

• high BP

• tongue and mucosa dry and sticky

both effects for hypo and hypernatremia

• weakness

  • fatigue

  • lethargic

Potassium

• Major intracellular cation

• Much higher concentration inside cells than in blood.

• found inside of foods (have to eat to get potassium)

• Excreted primarily through the kidneys.

• Aldosterone promotes potassium excretion.

• Insulin promotes potassium movement into cells

effects of hypokalemia

• things arent moving well

  • constipation

  • shallow respirations

  • muscle weakness

• anorexia

• polyuria

• posturial hypotension

• alkalosis

effects of hyperkalemia

• diarrhea

• paralysis/leg tingling

• oliguria

• acidosis

effects of both hyper and hypokalemia

• arrythmias —> cardiac arrest

• nausea

causes of hypokalemia

• excessive loss due to diarrhea

• diuresis associated with some diuretic drug

• excessive aldostrone or glucorcoids

• decreased dietary intake

• treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis

causes of hyperkalemia

• renal failure

• deficit of aldostrone

• leakage of intracellular

• crushing injury/burn —> potassium breaks out and leaks into the blood stream

hyperkalemia = ________

ACIDOSIS

calcium

• extracellular cation

  • inside cells more

• stored primarily in bone

• eleminated by urine and feces

• controlled by PTH

• calcitonin

• affected by VIT D

hypocalcemia

• low calcium = increased nerve membrane permiability and excitement

effects of hypocalcemia

• muscle twitching/spasms/tentany

• tingly fingers

• mental confusion and irritability

• decreased bp

effects of hypercalcemia

too many play ground monitors meaning nothing is moving causing everything to get plugged up

• lethargy

• anorexia

• nausea

• constipation

• polyuria

• thirst

• kidney stones

effects of both hyper and hypocalcemia

• arrhythmias

causes of hypocalcemia

• hypoparathyroidism

  • decreased parathyroid - decreased Ca absorption

• malabsorption

• decreased albumin

• alakalosis

• renal faliure

causes of hypercalcemia

• bone destruction

• hyperparathyroidism

• immobility

• increase intake of ca+ due to excessive VIT D

• milk-alkali-syndrome

isotonic loss/dehydration

excessive amount of water and na is lost (still equal)

• ex: excessive sweating

• causes

  • not enough fluid and electrolyte intake

  • hemoraging

• there is no sodium imbalence

hypertonic loss/dehydration

water loss is greater than electrolyte loss

• more solute than water

• causes

  • increased sweatting

  • hyperventilating

  • watery diarrhea

• there is a sodium imbalence - hypernatremia and hypovolemia

hypotonic loss/dehydration

electrolyte loss is greater than water loss

• more h20 than na

• causes

  • kidney disease/failure

    • kidney no longer keeps fluid instead it dumps everything out

  • excess h20 intake

  • chronic malnutrition

• there is a sodium imbalence - hyponatremia and hypervolemia

hypervolemia

increase in fluid

• increase in blood volume = increase in fluid

• more blood

hypovolemia

decrease in fluid

• decrease in blood volume = decrease in fluid

• less blood