Biology Class 1 Notes

"Define proteins and their basic building blocks."

"Proteins are macromolecules formed from polymers, with amino acids serving as the monomers."

"Explain the process of polymerization in proteins."

"Polymerization in proteins utilizes polymerase enzymes to link amino acids together."

"Describe dehydration synthesis in the context of protein formation."

"Dehydration synthesis is a process that involves the removal of a water molecule, leading to the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids."

"What is the primary structure of proteins?"

"The primary structure of proteins is the sequence of amino acids linked together in a polypeptide chain."

"How does directionality affect the primary structure of proteins?"

"Directionality in the primary structure refers to the orientation from the amino (N) terminus to the carboxyl (C) terminus."

"Identify the type of bond that links amino acids in the primary structure."

"Amino acids in the primary structure are linked by peptide bonds."

"Describe the secondary structure of proteins and its formation."

"The secondary structure of proteins is formed due to interactions between backbone atoms, resulting in structures like alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets."

"What are the two main types of secondary structures in proteins?"

"The two main types of secondary structures in proteins are alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets."

"Explain the tertiary structure of proteins."

"The tertiary structure of proteins involves interactions among side chains within a single polypeptide, including non-covalent and covalent interactions."

"List the types of interactions that contribute to the tertiary structure of proteins."

"Types of interactions in the tertiary structure include non-covalent interactions (non-polar/polar; polar/polar), covalent interactions (disulfide bridges), and acid-base interactions."

"Define the quaternary structure of proteins."

"The quaternary structure of proteins refers to the interaction between different polypeptides, forming a functional protein complex."

"Provide examples of proteins that exhibit quaternary structure."

"Examples of proteins with quaternary structure include enzymes, receptors, channels, transporters, and structural proteins like antibodies and hormones."

"Describe the molecular ratio of carbohydrates."

"Carbohydrates typically have a molecular ratio of 1:2:1, exemplified by the formula C6H12O6."

"Identify the common types of carbohydrates."

"Common types of carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides."

"Describe the three most common monosaccharides."

"The three most common monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose."

"Define disaccharides and provide examples."

"Disaccharides are carbohydrates formed by the combination of two monosaccharides. Examples include maltose (glucose + glucose), sucrose (glucose + fructose), and lactose (glucose + galactose)."

"Explain the role of polysaccharides in living organisms."

"Polysaccharides serve as energy storage and structural components. Common examples include glycogen (animal glucose storage), starch (plant glucose storage), and cellulose (plant structure)."

"How do monosaccharides differ from disaccharides and polysaccharides?"

"Monosaccharides are single sugar units, disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides, and polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides."

"What are the key functions of carbohydrates in biological systems?"

"Key functions of carbohydrates include providing cellular energy, serving as cell surface markers, and facilitating adhesion."

"Describe the characteristics of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids."

"Saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature."

"Explain the structure and function of triglycerides."

"Triglycerides consist of one glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acid chains and serve as the main form of fat storage in the body."

"What are phospholipids and their role in cell membranes?"

"Phospholipids are composed of one phosphate group, two fatty acid chains, and one glycerol molecule, forming the structural foundation of cell membranes and creating a barrier that separates the interior of cells from the external environment."

"Identify the four major forms of lipids found in the body."

"The four major forms of lipids found in the body are triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes."

"How do carbohydrates contribute to cell adhesion?"

"Carbohydrates contribute to cell adhesion by acting as cell surface markers that facilitate interactions between cells."

"Describe the structure of terpenes."

"Terpenes are built from multiple isoprene units."

"Explain the functions of cholesterol."

"Cholesterol functions in cell membranes, bile salts, steroid precursors, and vitamin D precursors."

"Define the role of cholesterol in cell membranes."

"Cholesterol helps maintain the structural integrity and fluidity of cell membranes."

"How do terpenes contribute to biological processes?"

"Terpenes serve as precursors for cholesterol and steroids."

"List the applications of cholesterol."

"Cholesterol is used in cell membranes and signaling (hormonal effects)."

"Do competitive inhibitors affect Vmax and Km?"

"In competitive inhibition, Vmax remains the same while Km increases."

"Explain the effect of non-competitive inhibitors on enzyme kinetics."

"Non-competitive inhibitors decrease Vmax while Km remains the same."

"Describe the impact of uncompetitive inhibitors on enzyme activity."

"Uncompetitive inhibitors decrease both Vmax and Km."

"What happens to Vmax and Km in mixed inhibition?"

"In mixed inhibition, Vmax decreases and Km varies."

"How do different types of enzyme inhibitors interact with enzymes?"

"Competitive inhibitors bind at the active site, non-competitive bind at the allosteric site, uncompetitive bind to the E+S complex, and mixed can bind to either the enzyme or the E+S complex."