AICE Environmental Management - Chapter 3

population distribution

the way in which the population is spread out across a given area

population dynamics

the study of how and why populations change in size and how they can managed

population distribution

the way in which the population is spread out across a given area

population dynamics

the study of how and why populations change in size and how they can managed

migration

the movement of people from one place in the world to another

leaching

when water soaks into the soil and carries away nutrients and minerals, reducing their ability to support plant life.

primary industry

industry such as mining, agriculture, fishing or forestry that involves harvesting new materials.

secondary industry

industry that converts raw materials such as farming or mining products into products for sale. the manufacturing industry.

out-migration (emigration)

to leave one community or area in order to settle in another area

in-migration (immigration)

to move into an area or region in order to settle down and live

push factors

factors that cause people to leave an area due to economic, social, or environmental reasons.

birth rate

the number of live births per thousand people in a population in a given year.

death rate

the number of deaths per thousand people in a population in a given year.

child mortality rate (CMR)

the number of deaths of children under five years old per thousand live births in a given year.

natural increase

the difference between the birth rate and the death rate in a population; natural increase differs from overall increase

net migration

the difference between the number of people entering a country (immigration) and the number of people leaving a country (emigration). Net migration is negative when more people leave a country than enter it,

overall increase

the difference between the birth rates and death rates, and the change in numbers due to migration in a population

infant mortality rate (IFR)

the number of infant deaths for every 1000 live births, of children under the age of one

life expectancy

the average age a newborn is expected to live

natural population change

the change in the size of a population due to birth and death rates

immigration

people migrating into a country

emigration

people migrating out of a country

overall population chnage

the change in the size of a population due to the birth rates, death rates and net migration rates

dependency ratio

measure of the dependent portion of the population compared to the independent portion of the population. ratio is expressed as the number of dependents per 100 people in the workforce.

total dependency ratio

measure of both young and older dependents added together to show their total versus the independent population. ration is expressed as the total number of dependents (young and older) per 100 people in the workforce

youth dependency ratio

measure of the young dependents (0-14) in a population, in relation to the working population

old age dependency ratio

measure of the old dependents (65+) in a population, in relation to the working population. is expressed as total number of dependents per 100 people in workforce

aging population

a population with a high percentage of old people (65+)

antinatalist

a policy that discourages human reproduction

pronatalist

a policy that promotes human reproduction

pronatalist policy

a population strategy designed to encourage people from having children and to increase birth rates

antinatalist policy

a population strategy designed to discourage people from having children and to decreasebirth rates

carrying capacity

of a biological species in an environment is the maximum population of the specfies that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water, and other necessities available in the environment

demographic transition model

refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.

population pyramid

graphicall illustration that shows the distribution of various age group in a population

total fertility rate

the average number of children a woman would have assuming that current age-specific birth rates remain constant throughout her childbearing years.

population structure

the number of males and females within different age groups in a given population