Chapter 3: Physical Properties of Solutions

A chemically and physically homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Solution

A mixture of only two components, solute and solvent

Binary solution

Taken by mouth, inactives for flavor and viscosity, water usual solvent

Oral solutions (exlixir, syrup)

Application to skin or mucous membranes, aqueous or alcoholic

Topical solutions

For the ear, usually not aqueous; glycerin, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol

Otic solutions (aural)

For use in the eye, inactives for viscosity, free of particulates, isotonic, sterile

Ophthalmic solutions

For injection IV, IM, or SQ; few if any inactives; rigid standards for sterility; free of particulates; free of pyrogens, isotonic; immediate efffect

Parenteral solutions

What is the common unit of concentration

Molarity

# of moles of solute/ 1 Liter of solution

Molarity Formula

What is the concentration term based on chemical activity

Normality

# of grams equivalent of solute/ volume of solvent in liters

Normality Formula

x/100 : quantity of substance per 100

Precent strength

1/X : 1 part per total

Ratio strength

What solution has no change in the physical properties of the components other than dilution when they are mixed

Ideal

What solution gives off no heat nor takes in heat

Ideal

What solution volume does not shrink of expand

Ideal

What solution has a linear relationship with Raoult's Law

Ideal

What solution changes on the physical properties occur when the constitution are mixed

Real

What solution does not show linear relationships for Raoult's Law

Real

Raoults Law

PA =pA 0XA

Non electrolytes are

Type of Solute

Strong electrolytes are

Type of Solute

Weak electrolytes are

Type of Solute

Do not conduct energy and no ions present

Nonelectrolytes

Conducts strong current and totally ionized

Strong electrolytes

Conducts weak currents and partially ionized

Weak electrolytes

Glycerin, sugars and alcohols are what type of electrolytes

Nonelectrolytes

Mineral acids, strong bases and all salts are what type of electrolytes

Strong

Atropine, weak acids and bases are what type of electrolytes

Weak

Nonaqueous media behave as ideal solution

Nonelectrolytes

Nonaqueous media for ion pairs

Strong electrolytes

Nonaqueous media behave as ideal solutions

Weak electrolytes

What property depends only on the number of solute particle ions or molecules dissolved in the solution

Colligative

What is the 1st Colligative Property

Vapor Pressure Lowering

What is the 2nd Colligative Property

Boiling Point Elevation

What is the 3rd Colligative Property

Freezing Point Depression

What is the 4th Colligative Property

Osmotic Pressure

Values of colligative properties depend on ionzation

Weak electrolytes

Values of colligative properties depend on the number of ions

Strong electrolytes

Values of colligative properties are the same for different solutes at the same molar concentration

Nonelectrolytes

Cell shrinkage (centration)/ Cell death (necrosis)

Hypertonic solution

Cell swelling and possible lysis

Hypotonic solutions

No change in cell

Isotonic solutions

Faster onset activity

Advantages of solutions

Good for children and elderly patients

Advantages of solutions

Homogenous

Advantages of solutions

Flexible dosing

Advantages of solutions

Given by any route of administration

Advantages of solutions

Bulkiness

Disadvantage of solutions

Less stable than solids

Disadvantage of solutions

More pronouced taste

Disadvantage of solutions

What is nonvolative

Solute

Water is a

Solvent

What is the increase in the boiling point of a solution over that of the pure liquid solvent

Boiling point elevation

What is the pressure that results is osmosis

Osmotic Pressure

What is the difference in the melting points of pure water and a solution

Freezing point depression

What is 0.9% w/v NaCl Solution or its equivalent

E-method

Solution has a freezing point of depression of 0.52 C

D-method