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Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass.
Chemical Elements
The building blocks of matter that cannot be broken down into smaller components by ordinary chemical means.
Essential Elements
About twenty-five elements that are necessary for life.
Trace Elements
Elements that occur in minute quantities in the body but are essential for life.
Isotopes
Forms of an element with different mass, differing in their number of neutrons.
Electron Shells
Circular pathways around an atom's nucleus where electrons orbit.
Ionic Bonds
Bonds formed between oppositely charged ions.
Covalent Bonds
Bonds formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons between two atoms.
Hydrogen Bonds
Weak electrical attractions between polar molecules, such as water.
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates made up of long chains of sugar monomers.
Amino Acids
The monomers of proteins, responsible for conducting metabolic activity.
Nucleotides
The monomer of nucleic acids, which store information used to make proteins.
Macromolecules
Large molecules formed from smaller building blocks, including carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.
Hydrophilic
Molecules that readily dissolve in water.
Hydrophobic
Molecules that do not mix with water.
Triglycerides
Fats composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.
pH Scale
A scale measuring the relative amount of H+ ions in a solution, indicating acidity or basicity.
Buffers
Substances that help stabilize the pH of a solution by accepting or donating H+ ions.
Organic Chemistry
The scientific study of carbon compounds.
Hydrocarbons
Organic molecules that only contain carbon and hydrogen.
Functional Groups
Additional atoms attached to a hydrocarbon skeleton that give new molecular properties.
