Blood supply and innervation of the brain

GSA

General somatic afferent

• Perception of touch, pain and temperature

• Trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve

GVA

General visceral afferent

• Sensory input from viscera

• Glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve

SA

Specia afferent

• Smell, taste, vision, hearing and balance

• Olfactory nerve, optic nerve, facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve

GSE

General somatic efferent

• Motor innervation to skeletal (voluntary) muscles

• Oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, abducent nerve, hypoglossal nerve

GVE

General visceral efferent

• Motor innervation to smooth muscle, heart muscle and glands

• Oculomotor nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve

BE

Brachial efferent

• Motor innervation to skeletal muscles derived from pharyngeal arch mesoderm

• Trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve

Olfactory nerve (I)

• SA (afferent)

• Smell

Optic nerve (II)

• SA

• Vision

Oculomotor nerve (III)

• GSE, GVE (efferent)

• GSE innervates levator palpebre superiori, superior rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles

• GVE innervates sphincter pupillae for pupillary constriction, ciliary muscles for accommodation of the lens for near vision

Trochlear nerve (IV)

• GSE (efferent)

• Innervates superior oblique muscle

Trigeminal nerve (V)

• GSA

• BE

• GSA sensory from V1 eye, nasal cavity, upper eyelids; V2 dura in middle cranial fossa, nasopharynx, palate, nasal cavity; V3 skin in lower face, lower lips

• BE innervates temporals, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid, tensor tympani…

Abducent nerve (VI)

• GSE (efferent)

• Innervates lateral rectus muscle

Facial nerve (VII)

• GSA, SA

• GVE, BE

• GSA sensory from part of external acoustic meatus and deeper parts of auricle

• SA taste from anterior two third of tongue

• GVE innervates lacrimal gland, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands…

• BE innervates muscles of the face and scalp

Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

• SA

• Vestibular division - balance

• Cochlear division - hearing

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

• GVA, SA, GSA

• GVE, BE

• GVA sensory from carotid body and sinus

• GSA posterior one third of tongue, oropharynx, mucosa of middle ear

• SA tase from posterior one third of tongue

• GVE innervates parotid salivary gland

• BE innervates stylopharyngeus muscle

Vagus nerve (X)

• GSA, GVA, SA

• GVE, BE

• GSA sensory from larynx, part of external acoustic meatus

• GVA sensory from aortic body, oesophagus, bronchi

• SA taste from the epiglottis and pharynx

• GVE innervates smooth muscle and glands in pharynx

• BE innervates one tongue muscle (palatoglossus) muscles of soft palate

Accessory nerve (XI)

• BE

• Innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

• GSE

• Innervates hyoglossus, genioglossus, styloglossus and all intrinsic muscles of the tongue