Biotech Test review

antibiotics

molecular agents derived from fungi and/or bacteria that impede the growth and survival of some other microorganisms

antibodies

proteins developed by the immune system that recognize specific molecules (antigens)

applied science

the practice of utilizing scientific knowledge for practical purposes, including the manufacture of a product

biochemistry

the study of the chemical reactions occurring in living things

bioethics

the study of decision-making as it applies to moral decisions that have to be made because of advances in biology, medicine, and technology

biotechnology

the study and manipulation of living things or their component molecules, cells, tissues, or organs

CDC

abbreviation for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; national research center for developing and applying disease prevention and control, environmental health, and health promotion and education activities to improve public health

clinical trials

a strict series of tests that evaluates the effectiveness and safety of a medical treatment in humans

cloning

method of asexual reproduction that produces identical organisms

concentration

the amount of a substance as a proportion of another substance; usually how much mass in some amount of volume

control

experimental trial added to an experiment to ensure that the experiment was run properly; see positive control and negative control

cystic fibrosis (CF)

genetic disorder that clogs the respiratory and digestive systems with mucus

data

information gathered from experimentation

diabetes

a disorder affecting the uptake of sugar by cells, due to inadequate insulin production or ineffective use of insulin

DNA

abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid, a double-stranded helical molecule that stores genetic information for the production of all of an organisms's proteins

DNA fingerprinting

an experimental technique that is commonly used to identify individuals by distinguishing their unique DNA code

DNA ligase

an enzyme that binds together disconnected strands of a DNA molecule

E. coli

a rod-shaped bacterium native to the intestines of mammals; commonly used in genetics and biotechnology

efficacy

the ability to yield a desired result or demonstrate that a product does what it claims to do

EPA

abbreviation for the Environmental Protection Agency; the federal agency that enforces environmental laws including the use and production of microorganisms, herbicides, pesticides, and genetically modified microorganisms

ethics

the study of moral standards and how they affect conduct

FDA

abbreviation for the Food and Drug Administration; the federal agency that regulates the use and production of food, feed, food additives, veterinary drugs, human drugs, and medical devices

fermentation

a process by which, in an oxygen-deprived environment, a cell converts sugar into lactic acid or ethanol to create energy

genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

organisms that contain DNA from another organism and produce new proteins encoded on the acquired DNA

genetics

the study of genes and how they are inherited and expressed

genome

one entire set of an organisms's genetic material (from a single cell)

Human Genome Project

an international effort to sequence and map all the DNA on the 23 human chromosomes

hypothesis

an educated guess to answer a scientific question; should be testable

insulin

a protein that facilitates the uptake of sugar into cells from blood

journals

scientific periodicals or magazines in which scientists publish their experimental work, findings, or conclusions

large-scale production

the manufacturing of large volumes of a product

microbial agents

synonym for microorganisms; living things too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope; includes bacteria, most algae, and many fungi

molecular biology

the study of molecules that are found in cells

moral

a conviction or justifiable position, having to do with whether something is considered right or wrong

negative control

a group of data lacking what is being tested so as to give expected negative results

NIH

abbreviation for National Institutes of Health; the federal agency that funds and conducts biomedical research

pharmaceutical

relating to drugs developed for medical use

plasmid

tiny, circular piece of DNA, usually of bacterial origin; often used in recombinant DNA technologies

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

a technique that involves copying short pieces of DNA and then making millions of copies in a short time

positive control

a group of data that will give predictable positive results

proteases

proteins whose function is to break down other proteins

pure science

scientific research whose main purpose is to enrich the scientific knowledge base

reagent

chemical used in an experiment

recombinant DNA (rDNA)

DNA created by combining DNA from two or more sources

recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology

cutting and recombining DNA molecules

research and development (R&D)

refers to the early stages in product development that include discovery of the structure and function of a potential product and initial small-scale production

restriction enzyme

enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence

therapeutic

an agent that is used to treat diseases or disorders

t-PA

short for tissue plasminogen activator; one of the first genetically engineered products to be sold; a naturally occurring enzyme that breaks down blood clots and clears blocked blood vessels

USDA

abbreviation for United States Department of Agriculture; the federal agency that regulates the use and production of plants, plant products, plant pests, veterinary supplies and medications, and genetically modified plants and animals

variable

anything that can vary in an experiment; the independent variable is tested in an experiment to see its effect on dependent variables

virus

a particle containing a protein coat and genetic material (either DNA or RNA) that is not living and requires a host to replicate

Biotech companies can be grouped into categories based on the products they sell or the problems they are solving

3 categories: Agribiotechnology, Healthcare Biotechnology and Industrial Biotechnology

4 omics of Biology

Genomics(investigate the whole genome), Proteomics(study the entire protein compliment of a cell organism),Transcriptomics(study the transcriptome part of the genome that is transcribed )and Metabolomics(investigates metabolites present in an organism )

Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)

quality system concerned with the organizational process and conditions under which non-clinical health and environmental safety studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, archived, and reported

Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)

quality control procedures for the manufacture of products ingested by humans to ensure quality and purity

Bioinformatics

application of mathematics and computer science to store, retrieve, and analyze biological data

Biotech vs Pharmaceutical

Biotech firms use live organisms like bacteria and enzymes to manufacture their medicines while pharmaceutical companies primarily use chemicals synthesis

Bioprocessing

A technique in which microorganisms, living cells, or their components are used to produce a desired end product.

monoclonal antibodies

Antibodies produced by a single clone of B lymphocytes and that are therefore identical in structure and antigen specificity.

Reagents

chemical substances known to react in specific ways; used to detect or synthesize other substances in chemical reactions

Efficacy

the power to produce a desired result

Large scale production

the manufacturing of large volumes of a product

Clinical trials

a strict series of tests that evaluates the effectiveness and safety of a medical treatment in humans

Positive control

a group of data that will give predictable positive results

Negative control

a group of data lacking what is being tested so as to give expected negative results

Biochemistry

the study of substances and processes occurring in living things

Molecular biology

the study of heredity at the molecular level

Genetics

The scientific study of heredity

Moral

A practical lesson about right and wrong

Ethics

A system of moral principles.

Bioethics

The study of ethics related to issues that arise in health care.

microbial agents

bacteria and viruses

Cystology

study of cells

Unicellular

Made of a single cell

Multicellular

Made up of more than one cell.

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

Organ

group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions

Levels of biologically organization

Atom (hydrogen,carbon,oxygen)
Molecule(water,carbon dioxide)
Organelle(Mitochondria,Chloroplast,ribosomes)
Cell(animal and bacteria cell)
Tissue(Connective and epithelial)
Organ (Stomach,ovary)
Organisms(frog,corn plant)

Protein

macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair

4 macromolecules of life

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids

Eukaryotic

Cell with a nucleus (surrounded by its own membrane) and other internal organelles.

Protist

Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi

Organelle

specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Startch

Storage polysaccharide of plants.

Nucleic acids

responsible for the storage, expression, and transmission of genetic information

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Pancreas

An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.

Hormone

the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect

Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Lysome

Contains digestive enzymes that capable of disposing cellular debris and worn cellular parts.

Ribosome

Makes proteins

Cell wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell

Cellulose

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms

plasma membrane function

regulates what comes in and out of the cell

Glucose

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work