Exam 1 Objectives

Anatomy

study of strucutre

Physiology

study of function

Levels of organization in sequence

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism

Atoms

smallest units of matter

Molecules

two or more atoms combined

Cells

smallest living structures

Tissues

groups of similar cells with common function

Organs

two or more tissues working together to perform specific, complex functions

Organ system

related organs that work together for a common function

Organism

a single living organism

Anatomical position

• stadning upright

• feet parallel and on the floor

• head level and looking foward

• arms at sides

• palms facing foward

• thumb pointing away from body

Anatomical left & right

always refer to the patient's or subject's own left and right sides, never the observer's perspective

Supine

lying on back with face upwards

Prone

laying on stomach with face downwards

- Apply anatomical position to specimens, models, figures, and images in different orientations

Describe anatomical position, use it as a standard frame of reference, determine anatomical right and left, and distinguish supine from prone.

- Standard anatomical position

- Anatomical right vs. left

- Supine vs. prone

- Apply anatomical position to specimens, models, figures, and images in different orientations

Sagittal plane

divides body into unequal left and right

Midsagittal plane (median)

divides body into equal left and right

Parasagittal plane

a sagittal plane parallel to midline but shifted to one side

Coronal plane (frontal)

divides body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse plane (cross-sectional, horizontal)

divides body into superior and inferior parts

Recognize that a structure can look different depending on how it is sectioned.

Identify and describe the major anatomical planes and use sectional orientation to interpret anatomical images.

- Sagittal

- Midsagittal

- Parasagittal

- Frontal/coronal

- Transverse

Recognize that a structure can look different depending on how it is sectioned.

Anterior

ventral; front

Posterior

dorsal; back

Superior

toward head

Inferior

toward feet

Cranial

toward head

Caudal

toward tail

Medial

toward midline

Lateral

away from midline

Proximal

close to trunk

Distal

far from trunk

Superficial

external

Deep

internal

Apply the terms to anatomical relationships, not just definitions

Correctly use directional terms to describe relationships between structures.

- Anterior / posterior

- Superior / inferior

- Cranial / caudal

- Medial / lateral

- Proximal / distal

- Superficial / deep

Apply the terms to anatomical relationships, not just definitions

Posterior aspect

consists of cranial cavity and vertebral canal; contains the brain

Cranial cavity

formed by skull bones

Vertebral canal

formed by vertebral column

Ventral canal

Contains two smaller cavities separated by diaphragm; consists of thoracic, abdominopelvic, abdominal, pelvic cavities; contains spinal cord

Thoracic cavity

superior to diaphragm

Abdominopelvic cavity

inferior to diaphragm; contains two cavities divided by pelvic brim of hip bones

Abdominal cavity

superior to pelvic brim

Pelvic cavity

inferior to pelvic brim

Upper limb

entire upper extremity from shoulder to hand

Arm

brachial

Forearm

antebrachial

Hand

manus

Thigh

femoral

Leg

crural

Armpit

axillary

Chest

pectoral

Cheek

buccal

Chin

mental

Wrist

carpal

Posterior of knee

popliteal

Calf

sural

Foot

Pes / Pedal

Toe

digital

The intermost digit of a forelimb

pollex

The innermost digit on a foot

hallux

Parietal serosa

lines internal surface of the body wall

Visceral serosa

covers external surface of organs (viscera)

Serous cavitites

Between layers; reduces friction between moving organs

Serous fluid

fluid between layers; reduces friction between moving organs

Organs

collection of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function in a living organism

Pleura

serous membranes around lungs; Body wall → parietal serosa → serous cavity/fluid → visceral serosa → organ

Pericardium

serous membranes around heart; Body wall → parietal serosa → serous cavity/fluid → visceral serosa → organ

Peritoneum

serous membranes around many abdominal organs; Body wall → parietal serosa → serous cavity/fluid → visceral serosa → organ

What is J?

Right Upper Quadrant

What is K?

Left Upper Quadrant

What is L?

Right Lower Quadrant

What is M?

Left Lower Quadrant

What is A?

Right Hypochondriac Region

What is B?

Epigastric Region

What is C?

Left Hypochondriac Region

What is D?

Right Lumbar Region

What is E?

Umbilical Region

What is F?

Left Lumbar Region

What is G?

Right Iliac Region

What is H?

Hypogastric Region

What is I?

Left Iliac Region

Anatomical Left

Your right

Anatomical Right

Your left

Tissue

a group of similar cells and extracellular products that perform a common function

Histology

he study of tissues

Epithelial Tissue

covers, lines, secretes

Connective Tissue

supports and binds

Muscle Tissue

contracts

Nervous Tissue

communicates

Cellularity

composed almost entirely of cells bound by intercellular junctions; little extracellular matrix between cells

Polarity

epithelia have an apical surface, lateral surface, and a basal surface

Apical surface

exposed and may have modifications (for example, microvilli)

Basal surface

attached to connective tissue underneath it

Basement membrane

a structure produced by both epithelial and neighboring connective tissues

Avascularity

Epithelial tissues lack blood vessels; receive nutrients by diffusion from underlying tissues

Regenerative capacity

Because exposed apical surface is frequently damaged, epithelial cells are quickly

replaced

Classify epithelia by number of layers and cell shape and relate structure to function and location.

- Simple vs. stratified

- Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

- Simple squamous

- Simple cuboidal

- Simple columnar

- Pseudostratified columnar

- Stratified squamous

- Transitional

For stratified epithelia, classification is based on the apical cells.

Structure → Function → Representative Location

Endocrine

do not have ducts; secrete hormones (chemical messengers) directly into interstitial fluid or bloodstream